Wikipedia:STACKING

This help page is a how-to guide.

It details processes or procedures of some aspect(s) of Wikipedia's norms and practices. It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines, and may reflect varying levels of consensus and vetting.

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Are you new here? Welcome! There are simplified versions of this page at Help:Introduction to images with Wiki Markup and Help:Introduction to images with VisualEditor.

This tutorial explains how to insert pictures into Wikipedia articles using wikitext. This is one of the most frequently asked questions. It describes options for specifying placement, alt text, captions, sizes and links, and contains advice about panoramas and avoiding image stackups. There is also a technical document describing the syntax and a simple guide for beginners. The same syntax is used regardless of whether a file is from Wikipedia or Wikimedia Commons.

If you need help uploading an image, or selecting a suitable image for an article, see the image use policy and the Manual of Style. Images on most websites are copyrighted and should not be uploaded; see the copyright policy. Please upload the highest resolution image possible, but keep the file size under 1,000 megabytes.

Before you add an image to an article, view the image's image description page to make sure its copyright status is clearly stated, preferably with one of the image copyright tags.

Infobox picture

If an article already has an infobox at the top right, then the usual place for the article's first picture is within the infobox. For guidance on the syntax for doing this, see Help:Infobox picture. In very brief summary, one hurdle that trips up many people when attempting to add an image to an infobox template is that most internally provide the wiki code that "wraps" the image. Accordingly, you do not usually add the brackets, number of pixels, and other code details you will learn about below, when placing an image in infoboxes – just the file name next to a field labeled | image =. Adding such extraneous code will cause many infoboxes to break. Also, be aware that some infoboxes require that the file's name be placed without the file/image namespace prefix. Thus, and for example, if File:Name.jpg does not work, try just Name.jpg.

Thumbnails

Instructions on this page may not work with VisualEditor. If you have opted in, you can use either VisualEditor or classic editing through wiki markup (wikitext) to edit most pages. The directions on this page, especially about what codes to type to produce formatting effects, are predominantly geared toward wikitext editing. For instructions on editing with VisualEditor, see Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide.

An existing English Wikipedia or Wikimedia Commons image can be inserted into a page with the basic wikitext File:...|thumb|Caption text.^a Using thumb generates a thumbnail picture, typically sized differently from the original image. For guidance on the caption text to associate with images, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions. Several options can affect a thumbnail's placement and size, described below.

On the left

By default a thumbnail is floated to the right of the page, with the text flowing around it. However, our first example specifies left. Just below the example you can see what the resulting picture looks like:

File:Wikipedesketch.png|thumb|left|alt=A cartoon centipede reads books and types on a laptop.|The Wikipede edits ''Myriapoda''.

A cartoon centipede reads books and types on a laptop. — The Wikipede edits *Myriapoda*.

The above text gives the image file name "Wikipedesketch.png", the image type "thumb" and alignment "left", the alt text "A cartoon centipede reads books and types on a laptop.", and the caption "The Wikipede edits Myriapoda." A Wikipedia reader can click on the thumbnail, or on the small double-rectangle icon below it, to see the corresponding file page which will let the user see the image in its original size.

Although the above text may appear in multiple lines for formatting purposes, the actual image text is on one line, as it uses spaces without any line breaks. The and the first | must be on the same line; other spaces and line breaks are ignored if they are next to | characters or just inside the brackets. Some parts of the image syntax, such as the alt=, do not allow spaces or line breaks, and the easiest way to get it right is to omit unnecessary spaces and line breaks.

Alt text is intended for visually impaired readers. Often the caption or article will describe the image adequately, and where this is the case you can write alt=caption or alt=see adjacent text. If additional alt text is added, it should be a succinct description that complies with the content policies; see WP:ALT for more information. Unlike alt text, a caption can contain Wiki markup like ''Myriapoda''. The caption text is placed underneath the picture.

Here is the same example again, this time in the context of some colored lorem ipsum dummy text with asterisks (*) showing where the image syntax appears in the text:

File:Wikipedesketch.png|thumb|left|alt=A cartoon centipede reads books and types on a laptop.|The Wikipede edits ''Myriapoda''.

Avoid referring to images as being "on the left". Image placement is different for viewers of the mobile version of Wikipedia, and is meaningless to people having pages read to them by assistive software. Instead, use captions to identify images.

On the right

The default placement for a thumbnail is on the right:

File:Wikipedesketch.png|thumb|alt=A cartoon centipede reads books and types on a laptop.|The Wikipede edits ''Myriapoda''.

Avoid referring to images as "being on the right". Image placement is different for viewers of the mobile version of Wikipedia, and is meaningless to people having pages read to them by assistive software. Instead, use captions to identify images.

Without flowing text

Although most thumbnails are combined with flowing text and are placed to the right or left, you can also place a thumbnail without text flowing around it. One way is to center it, using center or centre:

File:Wikipedesketch.png|thumb|center|alt=A cartoon centipede reads books and types on a laptop.|The Wikipede edits ''Myriapoda''.

You can also place the picture to the left, without flowing text, using none:

File:Wikipedesketch.png|thumb|none|alt=A cartoon centipede reads books and types on a laptop.|The Wikipede edits ''Myriapoda''.

Thumbnail sizes

By default, thumbnail images on Wikipedia have a width of 220 pixels (px). This width is used by typical readers who have not logged in or who have not changed their preferences. You can set a different default width for yourself in My preferences under "Appearance » Files". The options are 120px, 150px, 180px, 200px, 220px, 250px, 300px, and 400px. Any image narrower than the preferred width is displayed at the narrower width.

Images beside the text should generally use a caption and the thumb (thumbnail) option; the default results in a display 220 pixels wide (170 pixels if the upright option is used), except for those logged-in users who have set a different default in their user preferences. In general, do not define the size of an image unless there is a good reason to do so. Some users have small screens or need to configure their systems to display large text; "forced" large thumbnails can leave little width for text, making reading difficult. In addition, forcing a "larger" image size at say 260px will actually make it smaller for those with a larger size set as preference.

Sometimes a picture may benefit from a size other than the default; see the image use policy for guidance.

Normally the size should be specified as a value relative to the user's preferred base size, using the |upright= parameter rather than pixel values.
Where size forcing is appropriate, larger images should generally be no more than 500 pixels tall and 400 pixels wide, so that they can comfortably be displayed on the smallest displays in common use.
Lead images should usually be no wider than 300px. That is equivalent to using upright=1.35 if the default thumbnail width is 220px (220 multiplied by 1.35 then rounded to the nearest multiple of 10 equals 300), but larger defaults in user preferences will result in proportionally larger images (340px if the default is 250px, 410px if the default is 300px, or 540px if the default is 400px).

Since the MediaWiki software dynamically scales inline images there is no technical reason to reduce file size via scaling or quality reduction when uploading images, although non-free images may require scaling due to copyright concerns (consult the non-free image resolution guidelines). Also, compressing PNGs may be useful, because PNG files can be safely resized without losing quality.

The default behavior can make a tall, thin picture come out too large. For example:

File:Amun.svg|thumb|alt=Full-length profile of man in ancient Egyptian clothing. He has red-brown skin and wears a helmet with tall yellow plumes.|The Egyptian god Amun, portrayed before the Amarna period

Upright images

The upright option can help fix this by informing the Wikipedia layout system that the image should have a narrower width than usual:

File:Amun.svg|thumb|upright|alt=Full-length profile of man in ancient Egyptian clothing. He has red-brown skin and wears a helmet with tall yellow plumes.|The Egyptian god Amun, portrayed before the Amarna period

The upright option normally creates an image that is about 75% of the width of the default. The exact width is computed by starting with the default thumbnail width, multiplying it by 0.75, and rounding to the nearest multiple of 10. Normally the default width is 220px so an upright image is 170px wide; changing one's default width within the range from 120px to 400px results in upright image widths ranging from 90px to 300px.

Shrinking upright images further

If the upright factor 0.75 is too large or too small, it can be specified explicitly. A factor of 1.0 uses the default thumbnail width, which is the same as not specifying upright at all with the thumb option; a factor less than or greater than 1.0 creates an image smaller or larger than the default. For example:

File:Amun.svg|thumb|upright=0.56|alt=Full-length profile of man in ancient Egyptian clothing. He has red-brown skin and wears a helmet with tall yellow plumes.|The Egyptian god Amun, portrayed before the Amarna period

Short, wide images

Short, wide images sometimes benefit from upright factors greater than 1.0. Factors greater than about 2.5 can generate large images that cause problems with some browsers; for one way to handle wider images, see Panoramas below. For example:

File:Köppen-vereinfacht.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|alt=Map of the world. A tan band stretches from northern Africa through central China; most of Australia and parts of south Africa and the western Americas are also tan. Dark greens dominate the northern hemisphere. Lighter greens cover much land near the equator. Polar areas are white, the north fringed with light blue.|Macroclimates of the earth. Tans represent desert, dark greens humid continental, and light green tropical rainforest. Light blue and white represent tundra and ice cap.

Be careful not to overstretch images for which the original file is quite small (except with SVG images, see below). If the original file is 120 pixels wide, and it's stretched beyond that, the pixels making it up will start to be visible.

SVG images are an exception: Being vector images, they have no pixels, just instructions on how to draw the image that can be scaled up indefinitely, and the "image size" in the file description is arbitrary.

Width in pixels

You can also display an image of a specified width. Typically, if you specify a width in pixels, it should be at least 300px. Widths greater than about 550px may cause problems with some browsers, as stated above.

File:Köppen-vereinfacht.svg|thumb|center|400px|alt=Map of the world. A tan band stretches from northern Africa through central China; most of Australia and parts of south Africa and the western Americas are also tan. Dark greens dominate the northern hemisphere. Lighter greens cover much land near the equator. Polar areas are white, the north fringed with light blue.|Macroclimates of the earth. Tans represent desert, dark greens humid continental, and light green tropical rainforest. Light blue and white represent tundra and ice cap.

Map of the world. A tan band stretches from northern Africa through central China; most of Australia and parts of south Africa and the western Americas are also tan. Dark greens dominate the northern hemisphere. Lighter greens cover much land near the equator. Polar areas are white, the north fringed with light blue. — Macroclimates of the earth. Tans represent desert, dark greens humid continental, and light green tropical rainforest. Light blue and white represent tundra and ice cap.

Height in pixels

To specify the exact height of a picture, letting the width scale to match, prefix the height with x. The following example resizes the image to a height of 60px:

File:Flag of Scotland.svg|thumb|center|x60px|alt=White diagonal cross over blue background|Flag of Scotland

Flag of Scotland

Width or height in pixels, whichever makes the image smaller

If you specify both width and height of a picture, it is sized to whichever value would make it smaller. This will cause a picture to fit in a certain area, regardless of the image's actual size. Since the proportions of File:Flag of Scotland.svg are 5×3, specifying a width of 120px generates a 120×72px image, and specifying a height of 60px generates a 100×60px image, so a size field of 120x60px generates the smaller of the two, namely, the 100×60px image:

File:Flag of Scotland.svg|thumb|center|120x60px|alt=White diagonal cross over blue background|Flag of Scotland

Flag of Scotland

Pixel counts vs. upright factors

Despite its name, the parameter "upright" is now used for both tall and wide images. Although pixel counts are easier to understand than upright factors, they adjust less well to user preferences. For example, suppose a picture contains some detail and by default is a bit too small, and you want to increase it by about 10%. Although upright=1.1 and 240px do the job equally well for the common case where the default width is 220 pixels, many of the users who set the default width to 300 pixels to work better with their high-resolution screens will be annoyed with 200px because it will make the picture a third smaller than their preferred size. In contrast, upright=1.1 will display the picture to them with a width of 330 pixels, and this is more likely to work well on their displays.

To clarify, "upright=0.75" is equivalent to "upright", and "upright=1" leaves the image at its default size (220px when not logged in), equivalent to not using "upright" at all. For convenience, a few conversions are as follows:

upright scale	px size (default)
0.2	40px
0.25	60px
0.5	110px
–	170px
0.75	170px
1	220px
(not used)	220px
1.25	280
1.35	300
1.5	330
1.8	400
2	440
2.25	500
2.5	550

Pixel counts are typically better than upright factors for displaying combinations of pictures, some of which have known and limited sizes, and for displaying tiny icons that are intended to be combined with text.

Native size

Replacing thumb with frame causes the image to be displayed in its native size, that is, the size that it was originally uploaded with. This use is obsolete and should not be used because it is disruptive for many displays, especially mobile devices. Instead, if an article would be better with pictures resized in some way other than the default, use the "upright" parameter. Users should set their own preferences if they want pictures resized and article authors should not do this. If anyone has a justification for using the frame feature then please share on the talk page. For historical reference, here is an example of it being used:

File:Wikipedesketch.png|frame|center|alt=A cartoon centipede reads books and types on a laptop.|The Wikipede edits ''Myriapoda''.

Panoramas

Very large pictures should not be put directly into articles, as they cause problems in some browser environments. Images wider than 550px or so are often better treated as a panorama, which can be created with the {{Wide image}} template. For example:

{{wide image|Helsinki z00.jpg|1800px|alt=Panorama of city with mixture of five- to ten-story buildings|Helsinki has many buildings.}}

Helsinki has many buildings.

DjVu and PDF files

Images can be excerpted from DjVu or PDF files, with an optional page parameter. For example:

File:Abroad - 1882.djvu|thumb|right|150px|By Thomas Crane|page=13

File:Cinderella (1865).pdf|thumb|left|150px|This is page 2|page=2

Avoiding stack-ups

Shortcut

WP:STACKING

One of the problems many users of floating pictures hit is that multiple pictures sometimes stack up vertically, particularly with large screens and wide images. For example, in many browsers the two pictures at the right of this text stack up awkwardly.

Often the best solution to this is simply to add more text, as is done below, but this sometimes is not possible. The following subsections show some other possible solutions to the problem.

Alternating left and right

Perhaps the easiest way to handle multiple floating pictures is to alternate them left then right (or right then left); this way they do not come into contact with one another, and so cannot stack up in an unattractive way. This has a disadvantage, though: people with very low screen resolutions (such as those using netbooks) may find the result too awkward, albeit still readable.

Co-aligning

It is common to have two pictures that logically should be grouped together. The {{multiple image}} template is one way to do this. For example:

Caution

Ejection

Two cards used by football referees

{{multiple image
 | width = 80
 | footer = Two cards used by football referees
 | image1 = Yellow card.svg
 | alt1 = Yellow cartouche
 | caption1 = Caution
 | image2 = Red card.svg
 | alt2 = Red cartouche
 | caption2 = Ejection
}}

The same template can also align pictures vertically:

Caution

Ejection

Two cards used by football referees

{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 80
 | footer = Two cards used by football referees
 | image1 = Yellow card.svg
 | alt1 = Yellow cartouche
 | caption1 = Caution
 | image2 = Red card.svg
 | alt2 = Red cartouche
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Wikipedia:STACKING
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