Yunnan 云南
Province
Name transcription(s)
• Chinese	云南省 (Yúnnán Shěng)
• Nuosu	ꒊꆈ or ꒊꆈꌜ (Yypnuo or Yypnuose)
• Standard Zhuang	Yinznanz
• Abbreviation	YN / 滇 (Diān) or 云 (Yún)
(clockwise from top) Meili Snow Mountains Stone Forest Old Town of Lijiang The Three Pagodas of Dali City Honghe Hani Rice Terraces
Map showing the location of Yunnan Province
Coordinates: 25°02′58″N 102°42′32″E / 25.04944°N 102.70889°E / 25.04944; 102.70889
Country	China
Kingdom of Nanzhao	738
Dachanghe	902
Conquered by the Ming Empire	1381–1382
Yunnan clique	1915–1945
Takeover by the People's Liberation Army	1951
Capital (and largest city)	Kunming
Divisions	16 prefectures, 129 counties, 1565 townships
Government
• Type	Province
• Body	Yunnan Provincial People's Congress
• CCP Secretary	Wang Ning
• Congress chairman	Wang Ning
• Governor	Wang Yubo
• CPPCC chairman	Liu Xiaokai
• National People's Congress Representation	90 deputies
Area [1]
• Total	394,000 km2 (152,000 sq mi)
• Rank	8th
Highest elevation (Kawagarbo)	6,740 m (22,110 ft)
Population  (2020)[2]
• Total	47,209,277
• Rank	12th
• Density	120/km2 (310/sq mi)
• Rank	24th
Demographics
• Ethnic composition	Han: 67% Yi: 11% Bai: 3.6% Hani: 3.4% Zhuang: 2.7% Dai: 2.7% Miao: 2.5% Hui: 1.5% Tibetan: 0.3% De'ang (Ta'ang): 0.19%
• Languages and dialects	Southwestern Mandarin 25 ethnic minority languages
GDP (2023)[3]
• Total	CN¥ 3,002 billion (18th) US$ 426 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 64,107 (23th) US$ 9,097
ISO 3166 code	CN-YN
HDI (2019)	0.691[4] medium · 27th
Website	www.yn.gov.cn

Yunnan
"Yunnan" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	云南
Traditional Chinese	雲南
Literal meaning	"South of the colorful clouds"（彩雲之南 / 彩云之南）[note 1]
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yúnnán Bopomofo ㄩㄣˊ   ㄋㄢˊ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Yunnan Wade–Giles Yün2-nan2 IPA ⓘ Wu Romanization Yiuin平-noe平 Hakka Romanization Yùn-nàm Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Wàhn-nàahm Jyutping Wan4-naam4 IPA Southern Min Hokkien POJ Hûn-lâm
Yi name
Yi	ꒊꆈ yyp nuo
Tai Lue name
Tai Lue	ᦍᦲᧃᧉᦓᦱᧃᧉ jin naan
Lisu name
Lisu	ꓬꓱ-ꓠ ye na
Tibetan name
Tibetan	ཡུན་ནན་ yun nan
Northern Thai name
Northern Thai	ᩅᩥᩮᨵᩉᩁᩣ᩠ᨩ Witheharat

Yunnan^[a] is an inland province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately 394,000 km² (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, autonomous regions of Guangxi and Tibet, as well as Southeast Asian countries Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. Yunnan is China's fourth least developed province based on disposable income per capita in 2014.^[7]

Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with high elevations in the Northwest and low elevations in the Southeast. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province. In the west, the altitude can vary from the mountain peaks to river valleys as much as 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China. Of the approximately 30,000 species of higher plants in China, Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more.^[8] Yunnan's reserves of aluminium, lead, zinc and tin are the largest in China, and there are also major reserves of copper and nickel. Historically, the southwestern Silk Road to Bhitargarh in Bangladesh passed through modern Yunnan.

Parts of Yunnan formed the Dian Kingdom during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. The Han dynasty conquered the Dian Kingdom in the late 2nd century BC, establishing the Yizhou Commandery in its place. During the chaos of the Three Kingdoms period, imperial Chinese authority in Yunnan weakened, and much of the region came under the control of the Cuanman. The area was later ruled by the Sino-Tibetan-speaking kingdom of Nanzhao from (738–937), followed by the Bai-ruled Dali Kingdom (937–1253). After the Mongol conquest of the region in the 13th century, Yunnan was conquered and ruled by the Ming dynasty.

From the Yuan dynasty onward, the area was part of a central-government sponsored population movement towards the southwestern frontier, with two major waves of migrants arriving from Han-majority areas in northern and southeast China.^[9] As with other parts of China's southwest, Japanese occupation in the north during World War II forced another migration of Han people into the region. These two waves of migration contributed to Yunnan being one of the most ethnically diverse provinces of China, with ethnic minorities accounting for about 34 percent of its total population.^[10] Major ethnic groups include Yi, Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, and Miao.^[11] Yunnan has also been identified as "the birthplace of tea ... the first area where humans figured out that eating tea leaves or brewing a cup could be pleasant",^[12] and as the region of origin of the plant genus Cannabis.^[13]

Etymology

The name "Yunnan" first referred to a place when the Han dynasty created Yunnan County near modern Xiangyun.^[14] During the Tang dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong gave Piluoge, the chief of Nanzhao, the title of "King of Yunnan",^[15] because Nanzhao originated from Yunnan county.^[16] Gradually the king of Yunnan controlled more and more territory, and "Yunnan" became the common name of this area.^[17] Therefore, the Yuan dynasty created the Yunnan Province after it occupied the Dali Kingdom.^[15]

Han dynasty literature did not record the etymology of "Yunnan", and there are many theories about its origin. One common theory states that the name means "south of colorful clouds" (彩云之南; cǎiyún zhī nán). Some annals in the Ming dynasty, for example Dian Lüe (滇略) and Yunnan General Annals (云南通志), support this.^[16] However, modern historian Tan Qixiang states that this theory is a superficial explanation of the literal meaning.^[17] Another common theory is that the name means "south of Yun Range" (云岭之南) However, this has been disproven because the name "Yunling Mountains" first appeared in Tang dynasty (618–907) literature, but the name "Yunnan" first appeared during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD).^[16] Modern research gives more conjectures. You Zhong said "Yunnan" means "south of the mountain (referring to the Cang Mountain) with clouds".^[15] Wu Guangfan said "Yunnan" might be a Loloish or Bai name.^[16]

History

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Prehistory

The Yuanmou Man, a Homo erectus fossil unearthed by railway engineers in the 1960s, has been determined to be the oldest-known hominid fossil in China. By the Neolithic period, there were human settlements in the area of Lake Dian. These people used stone tools and constructed simple wooden structures.

Dian Kingdom

Around the 3rd century BC, the central area of Yunnan around present day Kunming was known as Dian. The Chu general Zhuang Qiao [zh] (庄蹻) entered the region from the upper Yangtze River^[18] and set himself up as "King of Dian".^[19] He and his followers brought into Yunnan an influx of Chinese influence,^[20] the start of a long history of migration and cultural expansion.

Qin and Han dynasties

In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang unified China and extended his authority south. Commanderies and counties were established in Yunnan. An existing road in Sichuan – the "Five Foot Way" – was extended south to around present day Qujing, in eastern Yunnan. In 109 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Dian during its southern expeditions. Under orders from Emperor Wu, General Guo Chang [zh] (郭昌) was sent south to Yunnan, eventually establishing the Yizhou commandery.^[21] By this time, agricultural technology in Yunnan had improved markedly. The local people used bronze tools, plows and kept a variety of livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. Anthropologists have determined that these people were related to the people now known as the Tai. They lived in tribal congregations, sometimes led by exiled Chinese.^{[citation needed]} Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=YunNan_Province
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