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Gbari | |
---|---|
Native to | Nigeria |
Region | Abuja, Kaduna State, Niger State, and Nasarawa State |
Ethnicity | Gbagyi people |
Native speakers | 1,290,000 Gbagyi (2020)[1] 550,000 Gbari (2020) |
Niger–Congo?
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:gbr – Gbarigby – Gbagyi |
Glottolog | gbag1256 |
Gwari is a Nupoid language spoken by the Gbagyi people, which make up over a million people in Nigeria. There are two principal varieties, Gbari (West Gwari) and Gbagyi (East Gwari), which have some difficulty in communication; sociolinguistically they are distinct languages.
Phonology
editFront | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i ĩ | u ũ | |
Mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
Open | a ã |
- /i, u, e, o/ can also have allophones ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ʌ.
- Nasal vowels /ĩ, ũ, ẽ, õ/ can also be heard as ɪ̃, ʊ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃.
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial- velar |
Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | |||
Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | (t͡ʃ) | k | k͡p | |
voiced | b | d | (d͡ʒ) | g | ɡ͡b | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | (ʃ) | h | ||
voiced | v | z | (ʒ) | ||||
Approximant | central | (ɹ) | j | w | |||
lateral | l |
- The following sounds may be labialized as /pʷ, bʷ, fʷ, vʷ, kʷ, ɡʷ, mʷ, k͡pʷ, ɡ͡bʷ, hʷ/ and palatalized as /pʲ, bʲ, fʲ, vʲ, kʲ, ɡʲ, mʲ, lʲ, wʲ/.
- Sounds /t, d, s, z, n/ when palatalized are always heard as tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ, ɲ.
- Sounds /f, b/ can be heard as bilabial sounds ɸ, β in free variation.
- /n/ is heard as velar ŋ when preceding velar consonants.
- /n/ becomes a labialized-velar ŋʷ when preceding a ?pojem=.
- Sounds /bʷ, ɡʷ, ɡʲ/ are softened to fricatives βʷ, ɣʷ, ɣʲ when preceding a glide, in medial-intervocalic position.
- /ɡ͡b/ is heard as an implosive ɓ in free variation.
- /h/ only has a limited occurrence, but it also may be allophonic with /f/ in Northern Gbagyi. In Southern Gbagyi, h is heard in free variation with /j/, when /j/ occurs before /i/ in syllable-final position.
- The palatalized /lʲ/ may also be heard as a central glide ɹ.[2]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial- velar |
Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | |||
Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | k͡p | ||
voiced | b | d | g | ɡ͡b | |||
implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
ejective | kʼ | ||||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | (t͡ʃ) | ||||
voiced | (d͡ʒ) | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | (ʃ) | h | ||
voiced | v | z | (ʒ) | ||||
Approximant | central | (ɹ) | j | w | |||
lateral | l |
- The following sounds may be labialized as /pʷ, bʷ, fʷ, vʷ, kʷ, ɡʷ, mʷ/ and palatalized as /pʲ, bʲ, fʲ, vʲ, tʲ, dʲ, kʲ, ɡʲ, mʲ, lʲ, wʲ/.
- Stops may also be heard as post-nasalized as pᵐ, bᵐ, tⁿ, dⁿ, kᵑ, ɡᵑ, k͡pᵐ, ɡ͡bᵐ.
- Palatalized sounds /tʲ, dʲ/, typically occur as tʃ, dʒ or tʲ, dʲ in free variation, and as tʃ, dʒ, they can be represented orthographically as <ch, j>. Sounds /s, z, n/ when palatalized are always heard as ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, and can be represented orthographically as <sh, zh, ny>.
- Sounds /f, fʲ, b/ can be heard as bilabial sounds ɸ, ɸʲ, β in free variation.
- /d/ can also be heard as ɾ.
- Sounds /b, ɡ/ and /bʷ, ɡʷ, ɡʲ/ are softened to fricatives β, ɣ and βʷ, ɣʷ, ɣʲ when preceding a glide, in medial-intervocalic position.
- /n/ becomes a labialized-velar ŋʷ when preceding a ?pojem=.
- The palatalized /lʲ/ may also be heard in free variation, as a central glide ɹ or as a palatalized equivalent ɹʲ.
- /n/ when palatalized is heard as a palatal nasal ɲ, and is velar as ŋ when preceding velar consonants.[3]
Varieties
editGbagye is also known as Gwari-Matai or Gwarin Ngenge, which are recently adopted cover terms.[4]
There are two separate Gbagyi groups living in:[4]
Gbagye is the only Nupoid language that has the bilabial implosive /ɓ/.[4]
Gbagyi (also known as Gwari) is a cover term for all the Gbari-speaking peoples, and includes many varieties.[4]
Gbari-Yama is a cover term used for all southern Gbari dialects. There are two closely related dialects, which are:[4]
- Shigokpna
- Zubakpna
Gbedegi is an extinct language (possibly a Nupe dialect) spoken near Mokwa (Nadel 1941).[4]
References
edit- ^ Gbari at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
Gbagyi at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) - ^ a b c Rosendall, Heidi James (1992). A phonological study of the Gwari Lects. Dallas, Tex.: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- ^ a b Rosendall, Elias Patrick (1998). Aspects of Gbari Grammar. University of Texas at Arlington.
- ^ a b c d e f Blench, Roger. 2013. The Nupoid languages of west-central Nigeria: overview and comparative word list.
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