Close front unrounded vowel - Biblioteka.sk

Upozornenie: Prezeranie týchto stránok je určené len pre návštevníkov nad 18 rokov!
Zásady ochrany osobných údajov.
Používaním tohto webu súhlasíte s uchovávaním cookies, ktoré slúžia na poskytovanie služieb, nastavenie reklám a analýzu návštevnosti. OK, súhlasím

Odborná literatúra, audioknihy, eknihy:


Kategórie (12):


















© Beletria.sk

Panta Rhei Doprava Zadarmo
...
...


A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

Close front unrounded vowel
 ...
Close front unrounded vowel
i
IPA Number301
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)i
Unicode (hex)U+0069
X-SAMPAi
Braille⠊ (braille pattern dots-24)
A spectrogram of /i/.
Sagittal section of a vocal tract pronouncing the IPA sound ⟨i⟩. Note that a wavy glottis in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.

The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word meet—and often called long-e in American English.[2] Although in English this sound has additional length (usually being represented as /iː/) and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel (it is a slight diphthong), some dialects have been reported to pronounce the phoneme as a pure sound.[3] A pure sound is also heard in many other languages, such as French, in words like chic.

The close front unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the palatal approximant . They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, with the non-syllabic diacritic and are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Languages that use the Latin script commonly use the letter ⟨i⟩ to represent this sound, though there are some exceptions: in English orthography that letter is usually associated with /aɪ/ (as in bite) or /ɪ/ (as in bit), and /iː/ is more commonly represented by ⟨e⟩, ⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, ⟨ie⟩ or ⟨ei⟩, as in the words scene, bean, meet, niece, conceive; (see Great Vowel Shift). Irish orthography reflects both etymology and whether preceding consonants are broad or slender, so such combinations as ⟨aí⟩, ⟨ei⟩, and ⟨aío⟩ all represent /iː/.

Features

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans[4] dief 'thief' See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Standard[5] دين/diin 'religion' See Arabic phonology
Catalan[6] sic 'sic' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[7][8] 七 / qī ⓘ 'seven' See Standard Chinese phonology
Chuvash çип 'thread'
Czech[9][10] bílý ⓘ 'white' See Czech phonology
Dutch[11][12] biet bitⓘ 'beet' See Dutch phonology
English[13] Most dialects free fɹ̠iːⓘ 'free' Depending on dialect, can be pronounced as ɪi. See English phonology
Australian[14] bit bit 'bit' Also described as near-close front [ɪ̟].[15] See Australian English phonology
French[16][17] fini fini 'finished' See French phonology
German[18][19] Ziel t͡siːlⓘ 'goal' See Standard German phonology
Greek Modern Standard[20][21] κήπος / kípos ˈc̠ipo̞s̠ 'garden' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew[citation needed] Modern Standard חשיבה χäʃivä 'thinking' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian[22] ív iːv 'arch' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[23] bile ˈbiːle̞ 'rage' See Italian phonology
Japanese[24] 銀/gin ɡʲiɴⓘ 'silver' See Japanese phonology
Khmer លទ្ធិ / lôtthĭ lattʰiʔ 'doctrine' See Khmer phonology
Korean[25] 아이 / ai ɐi 'child' See Korean phonology
Kurdish[26][27] Kurmanji (Northern) şîr ʃiːɾ 'milk' See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) شیر/şîr
Palewani (Southern)
Lithuanian vyras viːrɐs̪ 'man' See Lithuanian orthography
Malay Malaysian Malay ikut i.kʊt 'to follow' See Malay phonology
Malayalam ഇല ilɐ 'leaf' See Malayalam phonology
Polish[28] miś ˈmʲiɕⓘ 'teddy bear' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[29] fino ˈfinuⓘ 'thin' Also occurs as an unstressed allophone of other vowels. May be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[30] insulă ˈin̪s̪ulə 'island' See Romanian phonology
Rungus[31] rikot ˈri.kot 'to come'
Russian[32] лист/list lʲis̪t̪ⓘ 'leaf' Only occurs word-initially or after palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[33] виле / vile ʋîle̞ 'hayfork' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Spanish[34] tipo ˈt̪ipo̞ 'type' May also be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Spanish phonology
Sotho[35] ho bitsa huˌbit͡sʼɑ̈ 'to call' Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[35] See Sotho phonology
Swedish Central Standard[36][37] bli bliː 'to become' Often realized as a sequence ij or iʝ (hear the word: blijⓘ); it may also be fricated iᶻː or, in some regions, fricated and centralized ([ɨᶻː]).[37][38] See Swedish phonology
Tagalog ibon ˈʔibɔn 'bird'
Thai[39] กริช/krit krìt 'dagger'
Turkish[40][41] ip ip 'rope' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[42] місто/misto 'misto 'city, town' See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh es i eːs iː 'I went' See Welsh phonology
Yoruba[43] síbí síbí 'spoon'

Notesedit

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Maddox, Maeve (18 September 2007). "DailyWritingTips: The Six Spellings of "Long E"". www.dailywritingtips.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
  3. ^ Labov, William; Sharon, Ash; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. chpt. 17. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.
  4. ^ Donaldson (1993), p. 2.
  5. ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 38.
  6. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  7. ^ Lee & Zee (2003), p. 110.
  8. ^ Duanmu (2007), pp. 35–36.
  9. ^ Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  10. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  11. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  12. ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  13. ^ Roach (2004), p. 240.
  14. ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 344.
  15. ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 65.
  16. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  17. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  18. ^ Hall (2003), pp. 78, 107.
  19. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  20. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
  21. ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  22. ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  23. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  24. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  25. ^ Lee (1999), p. 121.
  26. ^ Thackston (2006a), p. 1.
  27. ^ Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
  28. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  29. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
  30. ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  31. ^ Forschner, T. A. (December 1994). Outline of A Momogun Grammar (Rungus Dialect) (PDF). Kudat. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  32. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 30.
  33. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  34. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  35. ^ a b Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  36. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  37. ^ a b Riad (2014), p. 21.
  38. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  39. ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
  40. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  41. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  42. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  43. ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

Referencesedit

External linksedit