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Transliteration of Chinese |
---|
Mandarin |
Wu |
Yue |
Min |
Gan |
Hakka |
Xiang |
Polylectal |
See also |
Peng'im[1] (simplified Chinese: 潮州话拼音方案; traditional Chinese: 潮州話拼音方案: Diê⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Teochew) Dio⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Swatow), Pe̍h-ūe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ, Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ) is a Teochew dialect romanization system as a part of Guangdong Romanization published by Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960. The tone of this system is based on the Swatow dialect. The system uses the Latin alphabet to transcript pronunciation and numbers to note tones.
Before that, another system called Pe̍h-ūe-jī, which was introduced by the missionaries in 1875, had been widely used. Since Teochew has high phonetic similarity with Hokkien, another Southern Min variety, Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Tai-lo can also be used to transcribe Teochew. The name Peng'im is a transcription of "拼音" using this system.
Contents
Alphabet
This system uses the Latin alphabet, but does not include f, j, q, v, w, x, or y. ê is the letter e with circumflex.
Initials
There are 18 initials. Syllables not starting with consonants are called zero initials.
Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voiced(no frictions) | nasal | m [m] 毛 | n [n] 年 | ng [ŋ] 雅 | |
plosive or lateral | bh [b] 米 | l [l] 來/內 | gh [g] 鵝/牙 | ||
Voiceless stops | aspirated | p [pʰ] 皮 | t [tʰ] 臺 | k [kʰ] 可 | |
plain | b [p] 比 | d [t] 都 | g [k] 歌 | [ʔ] | |
Voiceless affricates | aspirated | c [tsʰ] 菜 | |||
plain | z [ts] 書 | ||||
Fricatives | s [s] 士/速 | h [h] 海/系 | |||
r [(d)z] 爾 |
b and g can also be used as ending consonants.
Finals
There are 59 finals :
Finals of Teochew dialect | |||
---|---|---|---|
Classes | Open vowel | Mid vowel | Close vowel |
Open Syllable | i 衣 | u 汙 | |
a 亞 | ia 呀 | ua 娃 | |
o 窩 | io 腰 | ||
ê 啞 | uê 鍋 | ||
e 余 | |||
ai 哀 | uai 歪 | ||
oi 鞋 | ui 威 | ||
ao 歐 | |||
ou 烏 | iou 夭 | ||
iu 憂 | |||
Nasal vowel | in ĩ 丸 | ||
an ã 噯 | ian ĩã 營 | uan ũã 鞍 | |
ion ĩõ 羊 | |||
ên ẽ 楹 | |||
en ɯ̃ 秧 | |||
ain ãĩ 愛 | |||
oin õĩ 閑 | |||
Nasal Coda | im im 音 | ||
am am庵[2] | iam iam 淹 | uam uam 凡 | |
ing iŋ 因 | ung uŋ 溫 | ||
ang aŋ 按 | iang iaŋ 央 | uang uaŋ 汪 | |
ong oŋ 翁 | iong ioŋ 雍 | ||
êng eŋ 英 | |||
Checked tone | ih iʔ 裂 | ||
ah aʔ 鴨 | iah iaʔ 益 | uah uaʔ 活 | |
oh oʔ 學 | ioh ioʔ 約 | ||
êh eʔ 厄 | |||
oih oiʔ 狹 | |||
ib ip̚ 邑 | |||
ab ap̚ 盒 | iab iap̚ 壓 | uab uap̚ 法 | |
ig ik̚ 乙 | ug uk̚ 熨 | ||
ag ak̚ 惡[2] | iag iak̚ 躍 | uag uak̚ 蕕獲[2] | |
og ok̚ 屋 | iog iok̚ 育 | ||
êg ek̚ 液 |
Tonesedit
8 tones of Teochew dialect[3] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tones | 陰平(dark flat) | 陰上(dark rising) | 陰去(dark departing) | 陰入(dark entering) | 陽平(light flat) | 陽上(light rising) | 陽去(light departing) | 陽入(light entering) |
Tone value | 33 | 52 | 213 | 2 | 55 | 35 | 11 | 4 |
Examples | 詩、分 | 死、粉 | 世、訓 | 薛、忽 | 時、雲 | 是、混 | 示、份 | 蝕、佛 |
Symbols | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Notations[4] | a | á | à | ah | â | ă | ā | áh |
Symbols of tones are notated at the top right of consonants or vowels which have top loudness.[5][6] For example:
- 詩 - si1
- 死 - si2
- 世 - si3
- 薛 - sih4
Differences in rimeedit
This is a list of differences in rime in Teochew dialect by regions. Tone in Raoping is almost same as in Swatow.[7] Only general differences are listed, some certain distinctions of certain words are not listed.
Swatow | Raoping | Chaozhou | Chenghai | Puning[8] | Jieyang | Chaoyang | Haifeng | Examples |
e | e | u | i | 餘,許,豬,祠 | ||||
oi | ôi | ei | 鞋 | |||||
uin | ui | ui | uain | 跪,櫃 | ||||
oin | oin/êng | ain | ain | ain | ain | 閒,殿 | ||
oih | eih | 狹 | ||||||
iao/iou | iao | iou | iou | io/iao | 搖,要 | |||
io | ie | ie | io | 腰 | ||||
ion | ien | ien | ion | 羊 | ||||
ioh | ieh | ieh | ioh | 借,惜,藥,石 | ||||
amam | angaŋ | amam | 庵 | |||||
abap | agak | ap | 盒 | |||||
iamiam | iemiem | iangiaŋ | iamiam | 嚴 | ||||
iabiap | iebiep | iag iak | iap | 壓 | ||||
imim | ing iŋ | im | 音 | |||||
ibip | ig ik | ip | 溼 | |||||
angaŋ | ang | 安 | ||||||
ag ak | âk | 達 | ||||||
iangiaŋ | iêngieŋ | iang | 仙 | |||||
iag iak | iêgiek | iâk | 傑,設 | |||||
uanguaŋ | uêngueŋ | uâng | 全,完,緣,彎 | |||||
uag uak | uêg uek | uâk | 粵 | |||||
eng ɯŋ | eng/ing | êng/ung | êngeŋ | ingiŋ | ng/eng | 斤 | ||
eg ɯk | êg ek | êg ek | igik | 乞 | ||||
ingiŋ | ing | êngeŋ | inin | 因 | ||||
unguŋ | ung | unun | 溫 |
Referencesedit
- ^ Tan, Charlene Gia Lim (July 26, 2018). An Introduction To The Culture And History Of The Teochews In Singapore. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-323-937-1.
- ^ a b c 廣州話、客家話、潮汕話與普通話對照詞典(2005年),第545頁。
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Peng'im
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