Pope Saint Paul VI
Bishop of Rome
Official portrait, 1969
Church	Catholic Church
Papacy began	21 June 1963
Papacy ended	6 August 1978
Predecessor	John XXIII
Successor	John Paul I
Orders
Ordination	29 May 1920 by Giacinto Gaggia
Consecration	12 December 1954 by Eugène Tisserant
Created cardinal	15 December 1958 by John XXIII
Personal details
Born	Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (1897-09-26)26 September 1897 Concesio, Brescia, Kingdom of Italy
Died	6 August 1978(1978-08-06) (aged 80) Castel Gandolfo, Italy
Previous post(s)	Referendary Prelate of the Apostolic Signatura (1926‍–‍1938) Substitute for General Affairs (1937‍–‍1953) Pro-Secretary for Ordinary Affairs of Secretariat of State (1953‍–‍1954) Archbishop of Milan (1954‍–‍1963) Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti (1958‍–‍1963)
Education	University of Milan (JCD)
Motto	Cum ipso in monte sancto (Latin for 'With Him on the holy mountain') In nomine Domini (Latin for 'In the name of the Lord')
Signature
Coat of arms
Sainthood
Feast day	29 May[1] 30 May (Ambrosian Rite)[2]
Venerated in	Catholic Church Palmarian Church[3]
Beatified	19 October 2014 Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Francis
Canonized	14 October 2018 Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Francis
Attributes	Papal vestments Papal tiara
Patronage	Archdiocese of Milan[4] Paul VI Pontifical Institute[5] Second Vatican Council[6] Diocese of Brescia[7] Concesio Magenta Paderno Dugnano
Shrines	None
Ordination history
History Diaconal ordination Date 28 February 1920 Place Concesio, Brescia Priestly ordination Ordained by Giacinto Gaggia (Brescia) Date 29 May 1920 Place Concesio, Brescia Episcopal consecration Principal consecrator Eugène Tisserant (Dean of the College of Cardinals) Co-consecrators Giacinto Tredici (Brescia) Domenico Bernareggi (Milan aux.) Date 12 December 1954 Place Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City Cardinalate Elevated by Pope John XXIII Date 15 December 1958
Episcopal succession Bishops consecrated by Pope Paul VI as principal consecrator Giuseppe Schiavini 22 May 1955 Cesário Alexandre Minali 5 June 1955 Ubaldo Teofano Stella 3 October 1955 Domenico Enrici 1 November 1955 Aristide Pirovano 13 November 1955 Adolfo Luís Bossi 14 September 1958 Antonio Fustella 25 June 1960 Giovanni Umberto Colombo 7 December 1960 Luigi Oldani 7 December 1961 Francesco Rossi 26 May 1963 Igino Eugenio Cardinale 20 October 1963 Albert Reuben Edward Thomas 20 October 1963 Giovanni Fallani 28 June 1964 Johannes Gerardus Maria Willebrands 28 June 1964 Leobard D'Souza 3 December 1964 Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli 19 March 1966 Giacomo Violardo 19 March 1966 Loris Francesco Capovilla[8] 16 July 1967 Agostino Casaroli 16 July 1967 Ernesto Civardi 16 July 1967 Paul Casimir Marcinkus 6 January 1969 Louis Vangeke 3 December 1970 Annibale Bugnini 13 February 1972 Giuseppe Casoria 13 February 1972 Enrico Bartolucci Panaroni 29 June 1973 Jean Jerome Hamer 29 June 1973 Andrzej Maria Deskur 30 June 1974 Nicola Rotunno 30 June 1974
Other popes named Paul

Pope Paul VI (Latin: Paulus VI; Italian: Paolo VI; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, Italian: [dʒoˈvanni batˈtista enˈriːko anˈtɔːnjo maˈriːa monˈtiːni]; 26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his death on 6 August 1978. Succeeding John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. In January 1964, he flew to Jordan, the first time a reigning pontiff had left Italy in more than a century.^[9]

Montini served in the Holy See's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954, and along with Domenico Tardini was considered the closest and most influential advisor of Pope Pius XII. In 1954, Pius named Montini Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini later became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops' Conference. John XXIII elevated Montini to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after his death, Montini was, with little opposition, elected his successor, taking the name Paul VI.^[10]

He re-convened the Second Vatican Council, which had been suspended during the interregnum. After its conclusion, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, finely balancing the conflicting expectations of various Catholic groups. The resulting reforms were among the widest and deepest in the Chuch's history.

Paul VI spoke repeatedly to Marian conventions and Mariological meetings, visited Marian shrines and issued three Marian encyclicals. Following Ambrose of Milan, he named Mary as the Mother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council.^[11] He described himself as a humble servant of a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes from the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the Third World.^[12] His opposition to birth control in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae was strongly contested, especially in Western Europe and North America. The same opposition emerged in reaction to some of his political doctrines.

Pope Benedict XVI, citing his heroic virtue, proclaimed him venerable on 20 December 2012. Pope Francis beatified Paul VI on 19 October 2014, after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession. His liturgical feast was celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, until 2019 when it was changed to the date of his priestly ordination, 29 May.^[1] Pope Francis canonised him on 14 October 2018.

Early life

Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the Province of Brescia, Lombardy, Italy, in 1897. His father, Giorgio Montini (1860–1943), was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action, and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother, Giudetta Alghisi (1874–1943), was from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini (1900–1971), who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini (1896–1990), who became a lawyer and politician.^[13][14] On 30 September 1897, he was baptised with the name Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini.^[15] He attended the Cesare Arici school, run by the Jesuits, and in 1916 received a diploma from the Arnaldo da Brescia public school in Brescia. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness.

In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Catholic priest. He was ordained on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Mass at the Santa Maria delle Grazie, Brescia.^[16] Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in canon law in the same year.^[17] He later studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome La Sapienza and, at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles. In 1922, at the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the Secretariat of State, where he worked under Pizzardo together with Francesco Borgongini-Duca, Alfredo Ottaviani, Carlo Grano, Domenico Tardini and Francis Spellman.^[18] Consequently, he never had an appointment as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian-inspired culture'.^[19]

Vatican career

Diplomatic service

Montini had just one foreign posting in the diplomatic service of the Holy See as Secretary in the office of the papal nuncio to Poland in 1923. Of the nationalism he experienced there he wrote: "This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars."^[20] He described his experience in Warsaw as "useful, though not always joyful".^[21] When he became pope, the Communist government of Poland refused him permission to visit Poland on a Marian pilgrimage.

Roman Curia

His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia, the papal civil service. On 19 October 1925, he was appointed a papal chamberlain in the rank of Supernumerary Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness.^[22] In 1931, Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Pontifical Academy for Diplomats;^[17] he was promoted to Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 8 July of the same year.^[23] On 24 September 1936, he was appointed a Referendary Prelate of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura.^[24]

On 16 December 1937,^[25] after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State. His immediate supervisor was Domenico Tardini, with whom he got along well. He was further appointed Consultor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office and of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation on 24 December,^[26] and was promoted to Protonotary apostolic (ad instar participantium), the most senior class of papal prelate, on 10 May 1938.^[27]

Pacelli became Pope Pius XII in 1939 and confirmed Montini's appointment as Substitute under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione. In that role, roughly that of a chief of staff, he met the Pope every morning until 1954 and developed a rather close relationship with him. Of his service to two popes he wrote:

It is true, my service to the Pope was not limited to the political or extraordinary affairs according to Vatican language. The goodness of Pope Pius XII opened to me the opportunity to look into the thoughts, even into the soul of this great pontiff. I could quote many details how Pius XII, always using measured and moderate speech, was hiding, nay revealing a noble position of great strength and fearless courage.^[28]

When war broke out, Maglione, Tardini, and Montini were the principal figures in the Secretariat of State of the Holy See.^{[29][page needed]} Montini dispatched "ordinary affairs" in the morning, while in the afternoon he moved informally to the third floor Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff, serving in place of a personal secretary.^[30] During the war years, he replied to thousands of letters from all parts of the world with understanding and prayer, and arranging for help when possible.^[30]

At the request of the Pope, Montini created an information office regarding prisoners of war and refugees, which from 1939 to 1947 received almost ten million requests for information about missing persons and produced over eleven million replies.^[31] Montini was several times attacked by Benito Mussolini's government for meddling in politics, but the Holy See consistently defended him.^[32] When Maglione died in 1944, Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini as joint heads of the Secretariat, each a Pro-Secretary of State. Montini described Pius XII with a filial admiration:

His richly cultivated mind, his unusual capacity for thought and study led him to avoid all distractions and every unnecessary relaxation. He wished to enter fully into the history of his own afflicted time: with a deep understanding, that he was himself a part of that history. He wished to participate fully in it, to share his sufferings in his own heart and soul.^[33]

As Pro-Secretary of State, Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to persecuted fugitives hidden in Catholic convents, parishes, seminaries, and schools.^[34] At the Pope's instruction, Montini, Ferdinando Baldelli, and Otto Faller established the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza (Pontifical Commission for Assistance), which supplied a large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other necessities. In Rome alone it distributed almost two million portions of free food in 1944.^[35] The Papal Residence of Castel Gandolfo was opened to refugees, as was Vatican City in so far as space allowed. Some 15,000 lived in Castel Gandolfo, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza.^[35] Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, extending protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers escaped from prison camps, to Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, to German soldiers, partisans, displaced persons and others.^[36] As pope in 1971, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza into Caritas Italiana.^[37]

Archbishop of Milan

After the death of Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster in 1954, Montini was appointed to succeed him as Archbishop of Milan, which made him the secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference.^[38] Pius XII presented the new archbishop "as his personal gift to Milan". He was consecrated bishop in Saint Peter's Basilica by Cardinal Eugène Tisserant, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, since Pius XII was severely ill.

On 12 December 1954, Pius XII delivered a radio address from his sick-bed about Montini's appointment to the crowd in St. Peter's Basilica.^[39] Both Montini and the Pope had tears in their eyes when Montini departed for his diocese with its 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls.^[40] On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan. Montini settled well into his new tasks among all groups of the faithful in the city, meeting cordially with intellectuals, artists and writers.^[41]

Montini's philosophy

In his first months Montini showed his interest in working conditions and labour issues by speaking to many unions and associations. He initiated the building of over 100 new churches, believing them the only non-utilitarian buildings in modern society, places for spiritual rest.^[42]

His public speeches were noticed not only in Milan but in Rome and elsewhere. Some considered him a liberal, when he asked lay people to love not only Catholics but also schismatics, Protestants, Anglicans, the indifferent, Muslims, pagans, and atheists.^[43] He gave a friendly welcome to a group of Anglican clergy visiting Milan in 1957 and subsequently exchanged letters with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher.^[44]

Pope Pius XII revealed at the 1952 secret consistory that both Montini and Tardini had declined appointments to the cardinalate^[45][46] Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Pope_Paul_VI
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