A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
An anti-ship missile (AShM[2] or ASM)[3] is a guided missile that is designed for use against ships and large boats. Most anti-ship missiles are of the sea-skimming variety, and many use a combination of inertial guidance and active radar homing. A large number of other anti-ship missiles use infrared homing to follow the heat that is emitted by a ship; it is also possible for anti-ship missiles to be guided by radio command all the way.
The first anti-ship missiles, which were developed and built by Nazi Germany, used radio command guidance.[4] These saw some success in the Mediterranean Theatre during 1943–44, sinking or heavily damaging at least 31 ships with the Henschel Hs 293 and more than seven with the Fritz X, including the Italian battleship Roma and the light cruiser USS Savannah. A variant of the HS 293 had a TV camera/transmitter on board. The bomber carrying it could then fly outside the range of naval anti-aircraft guns and use visual guidance via the bombardier to lead the missile to its target by radio control.[citation needed]
Many anti-ship missiles can be launched from a variety of weapons systems including surface warships (also referred to as ship-to-ship missiles), submarines, bombers, fighter planes, patrol planes, helicopters, shore batteries, land vehicles, and, conceivably, even infantrymen firing shoulder-launched missiles. The term surface-to-surface missile (SSM) is used when appropriate. The longer-range anti-ship missiles are often called anti-ship cruise missiles.
Etymology
Both "AShM"[5] and “ASM”[6] are utilized interchangeably as an acronym for "anti-ship missile." "AShM" may be the preferred acronym when confusion with "air-to-surface missile" (commonly abbreviated as "ASM") may occur.
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2022) |
Anti-ship missiles were among the first instances of short-range guided weapons during the Second World War in 1943–1944. The German Luftwaffe used the Hs 293, the Fritz X, as well as others missiles, launched from its bombers, with deadly effect against some Allied ships. The first ship sunk by a guided missile was HMS Egret on 27 August 1943, at the Bay of Biscay,[7] other ships targeted were the British troop carrier HMT Rohna, sunk with heavy loss of life and the United States Navy light cruiser USS Savannah off Salerno, Italy, being seriously damaged. These all used radio command-guidance from the bombardiers of the warplanes that launched them. Some of these hit and either sank or damaged a number of ships, including warships offshore of amphibious landings on western Italy. These radio-controlled missiles were used successfully until the Allied navies developed missile countermeasures—principally radio jamming. The Allies also developed some of their own similar radio-guided AShMs, starting with the US Navy's SWOD-9 Bat – the first autonomously guided, radar-homing anti-ship weapon deployed worldwide, being deployed against the Japanese in April 1945 – but the Bat saw little use in combat, partly from its own late-war deployment date leaving few Axis ships remaining as targets.
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union turned to a sea-denial strategy concentrating on submarines, naval mines and the AShM. One of the first products of the decision was the SS-N-2 Styx missile. Further products were to follow, and they were soon loaded onto the Soviet Air Force's Tu-95 Bear and Tu-22 Blinder bombers, in the case of the air-launched KS-1 Komet.
In 1967, the Israeli Navy's destroyer Eilat was the first ship to be sunk by a ship-launched missile—a number of Styx missiles launched by Egyptian Komar-class missile boats off the Sinai Peninsula.
In the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 the Indian Navy conducted two raids using Osa-class missile boats employing the Styx on the Pakistani naval base at Karachi. These raids resulted in the destruction or crippling of approximately two thirds of the Pakistani Navy. Major losses included two destroyers, a fleet oiler, an ammunition ship, approximately a dozen merchant ships, and numerous smaller craft. Major shore-based facilities, including fuel storage tanks and naval installations were also destroyed. The Osas returned to base without loss.
The Battle of Latakia in 1973 (during the Yom Kippur/Ramadan War) was the scene of the world's first combat between missile boats. In this battle, the Israeli Navy destroyed Syrian warships without suffering any damage, using electronic countermeasures and ruses for defense. After defeating the Syrian Navy the Israeli missile boats also sank a number of Egyptian warships, again without suffering any damage in return, thus achieving total naval supremacy for the rest of the war.
Anti-ship missiles were used in the 1982 Falklands War. The British warship HMS Sheffield, a Type 42 destroyer, was struck by a single air-launched Exocet and later sank as a result of the damage. The container ship Atlantic Conveyor was hit by two Exocets and burnt out and subsequently sank while under tow. HMS Glamorgan was damaged when she was struck by an MM38, a ship-launched version of the Exocet, fired from a launcher taken from the Argentine Navy destroyer ARA Comodoro Seguí and mounted on a trailer by Navy technicians,[8] but she had taken evasive action that limited the damage.
In 1987, a US Navy guided-missile frigate, USS Stark, was hit by an Exocet anti-ship missile fired by an Iraqi Mirage F-1 fighter plane. Stark was damaged, but she was able to steam to a friendly port for temporary repairs.
In October 1987, Sungari, an American-owned tanker steaming under the Liberian flag, and Sea Isle City, a Kuwaiti tanker steaming under the American flag, were hit by Iranian HY-2 missiles.
In 1988 AShMs were fired by both American and Iranian forces in Operation Praying Mantis in the Persian Gulf. During this naval battle, several Iranian warships were hit by American AShMs (and by the US Navy's Standard missiles—surface-to-air missiles which were doing double-duty in the anti-ship role). The US Navy hit the Iranian Navy frigate Sahand with three Harpoon missiles, four AGM-123 Skipper rocket-propelled bombs, a Walleye TV-guided bomb, and several 1,000 lb (454 kg) "iron bombs". Despite the large number of munitions and successful hits, Sahand did not sink until fire reached her ammunition magazine, causing it to detonate, sinking the vessel.[9] In the same engagement, American warships fired three Standard missiles at an Iranian Navy corvette. This corvette had such a low profile above the water that a Harpoon missile that arrived several minutes later could not lock onto it with its targeting radars.
In 2006, Lebanese Hezbollah fighters fired an AShM at the Israeli corvette INS Hanit, inflicting battle damage, but this warship managed to return to Israel in one piece and under its own power. A second missile in this same salvo struck and sank an Egyptian merchant ship.
On 13 April 2022, the Ukrainian government claimed to have hit the Russian cruiser Moskva with two R-360 Neptune missiles, resulting in the sinking of the Moskva. The Russian government did not confirm the attack, but admitted that the ship sank after a fire.[10] If Ukrainian claims are true, Moskva might be the largest warship ever disabled or destroyed by a missile, according to Carl Schuster, a retired US Navy captain and former director of operations at the US Pacific Command's Joint Intelligence Center.[11]
Comparison
Name | Year | Weight | Warhead | Range | Speed | Propulsion | Launch platform | Guidance | Force | Comments | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zircon[12] | Expected for (2018-[13] 2020)[14] | Size 4 pcs instead of 1 P-700 for 1 launcher | 300–400 kg (660–880 lb) conventional or nuclear |
400 km (220 nmi) (export) >1,000 km (540 nmi) (domestic)[15] |
Minimum 4700 km/h (Mach 5 to 6) [14] potentially up to Mach 8 [16] | Liquid fuel scramjet | Surface, submarine | ? | Russia | ||
3M-54E Klub (SS-N-27 "Sizzler") | 2006 | 2,300 kg (5,100 lb) |
200 kg (440 lb) |
220 km (120 nmi) |
0.8 M, 2.5/2.9M | Turbojet | Surface, sub, shipping container | Inertial, active radar | Russia | ||
3M-54E1 Klub (SS-N-27 "Sizzler") | 2006 | 1,780 kg (3,920 lb) |
400 kg (880 lb) |
300 km (160 nmi) |
0.8 M, 2.5/2.9M | Turbojet | Surface, sub, shipping container | Inertial, active radar | Russia | ||
3M-54 Kalibr (SS-N-27 "Sizzler") | 1993 | 1,300 kg (2,900 lb) |
200 kg (440 lb) |
660 km (360 nmi) |
0.8 M, 2.5/2.9M | Turbojet | Surface, sub, shipping container | Inertial, active radar | Russia | Used in combat | |
P-1000 Vulkan | 1985 | 6,300 kg (13,900 lb) |
500 kg (1,100 lb) |
700 and 1000 (appx.) km (or 800 km[17]) | 3,825 km/h (2,065 kn) | Solid-fuel ramjet | Surface | Inertial, active radar homing/anti radar, mid course correction | USSR/Russia | ||
P-800 Oniks (SS-N-26) | 1983 | 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) |
250 kg (550 lb) |
800 km (430 nmi) (Oniks-M) 600 km (320 nmi) (Domestic version for Russia) |
3,600 km/h (1,900 kn) | Ramjet | Surface, air | Active-passive, radar | Russia | ||
P-700 Granit | 1980 | 7,000 kg (15,000 lb) |
750 kg (1,650 lb) |
625 km (337 nmi) |
2,550 km/h (1,380 kn) | Solid-fuel ramjet | Surface | Inertial, active radar homing/anti radar, mid course correction | USSR/Russia | ||
P-500 Bazalt (SS-N-12 SANDBOX) | 1975 | 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) |
1000 kg / 350 kt nuclear | 550 km (300 nmi) |
3,060 km/h (1,650 kn) | Liquid fuel rocket | Surface, submarine | Semi-active, terminal active radar | USSR | ||
P-270 Moskit (SS-N-22 SUNBURN) | 1970 | 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) |
320 kg (710 lb) |
120 km (65 nmi) |
3,600 km/h (1,900 kn) | Ramjet | Surface, air | Active radar, infrarred | USSR | ||
P-120 Malakhit (SS-N-9 SIREN) | 1972 | 2,953 kg (6,510 lb) |
500 kg (1,100 lb) |
110 km (59 nmi) |
Mach 0.9 | Turbojet, solid fuel | Surface | Inertial, mid course correction, active radar | USSR | Used in combat | |
P-70 Ametist (SS-N-7 STARBRIGHT) | 1968 | 3,500 kg (7,700 lb) |
500 kg (1,100 lb) |
65 km (35 nmi) |
1,050 km/h (570 kn) | Solid rocket | Sub | Inertial, terminal homing | USSR | ||
P-15 Termit (SS-N-2 STYX) | 1958 | 3,100 kg (6,800 lb) |
454 kg (1,001 lb) |
80 km (43 nmi) |
1,100 km/h (590 kn) | Liquid fuel rocket | Surface | Active radar, infrarred | USSR | Used in combat | |
P-5 Pyatyorka (SS-N-3 "Shaddock") | 1959 | 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) |
1,000 kg (2,200 lb) |
750 km (400 nmi) |
1,000 km/h (540 kn) | Turbojet | Surface | Inertial, mid course correction, active radar | USSR | ||
Kh-15 (AS-16 Kickback) | 1988 | 1,200 kg (2,600 lb) |
150 kg conventional/nuclear | 300 km (160 nmi) |
6,125 km/h (3,307 kn) | Solid-fuel rocket | Air | Inertial/Active radar | USSR/Russia | ||
Kh-55 | 1984 | 1,700 kg (3,700 lb) |
410 kg (900 lb) conventional/200 kt nuclear |
300 km (160 nmi) |
828 km/h (447 kn) | Turbofan | Air | Radar inertial, tERCOM, infrared | USSR/Russia | ||
Kh-35 (AS-20 KAYAK) | 1983 | 520 kg (1,150 lb) |
145 kg (320 lb) |
130 km (70 nmi) |
970 km/h (520 kn) | Turbofan | Surface, air | Inertial, active radar | USSR/Russia/North Korea | ||
Kh-22 (AS-4 Kitchen) | 1962 | 5,820 kg (12,830 lb) |
1000 kg conventional/nuclear | 400 km (220 nmi) |
4,000 km/h (2,200 kn) | Liquid-fuel rocket | Air | Inertial | USSR/Russia | ||
KSShch (SS-N-1 "Scrubber") | 1958 | 2,300 kg (5,100 lb) |
Nuclear | 40 km (22 nmi) |
1,150 km/h (620 kn) | Liquid-fuel rocket | Surface | Inertial | USSR | ||
SM-6 | 2013 | 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) |
64 kg (141 lb) |
370 km (200 nmi) |
4,287.7 km/h (2,315.2 kn) | two stage/solid rocket booster | surface ships, transporter erector launcher | Inertial guidance, active radar homing, semi active radar homing | United States | (The anti-ship version will enter service in 2023.) | |
AGM-158C LRASM | 2013[18] / 2018[19] | ~900 kg | 450 kg | 370–560 km (200–300 nmi)[20][21][22] |
High subsonic | Turbojet | Air, ship | Passive radar and infrared homing | United States | ||
AGM-123 Skipper II | 1985 | 582 kg (1,283 lb) |
450 kg (990 lb) |
25 km (13 nmi) |
1,100 km/h (590 kn) | Solid-fueled | Air | Laser-guided | United States | Used in combat | |
BGM-109 Tomahawk | 1983 | 1,200 kg (2,600 lb) |
450 kg (990 lb) |
1,666 km (900 nmi) (Block V) [23] |
880 km/h (480 kn) | Turbofan | Air, surface, submarine | GPS, TERCOM, DSMAC | United States | (Previous anti-ship version withdrawn from service in 1994, new anti-ship version will enter service in 2023.) | |
Harpoon | 1977 | 691 kg (1,523 lb) |
221 kg (487 lb) |
280 km (150 nmi) |
864 km/h (467 kn) | Turbojet engine | Air, surface, submarine | Radar (B3: midcourse update) | United States | Used in combat | |
AGM-65F Maverick | 1972 | 300 kg (660 lb) |
140 kg (310 lb) |
30 km (16 nmi) |
1,150 km/h (620 kn) | Solid propellant | Air | Laser, infrarred | United States | Used in combat | |
Bat | 1944 | 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) |
727 kg (1,603 lb) |
37 km (20 nmi) |
260–390 km/h (140–210 kn) | None | Air | Active radar | United States | Used in combat | |
MMP | 2017 | 15 kg (33 lb) |
? | 5 km (2.7 nmi) |
? | Solid propellant | Surface | Infrared | France | ||
ANL/Sea Venom | 2017 | 120 kg
(260 lb) |
30 kg (66 lb) |
20 km (11 nmi) |
1,040.4 km/h (561.8 kn)) | Two‐stage solid‐propellant rocket motor | Air (helicopter) | Air/Surface | Infrared | France/United Kingdom | |
AS.34 Kormoran | 1991 | 630 kg (1,390 lb) |
220 kg (490 lb) |
35 km (19 nmi) |
1,101 km/h (594 kn) | Rocket | Air | Inertial, active radar | France/Germany | ||
AS.15TT/MM.15 | 1985 | 96 kg (212 lb) |
30 kg (66 lb) |
15 km (8.1 nmi) |
1,008 km/h (544 kn) | Solid propellant | Air | Inertial | France | ||
ARMAT | 1984 | 550 kg (1,210 lb) |
160 kg (350 lb) |
120 km (65 nmi) |
1,100 km/h (590 kn) | Solid propellant | Air | Passive radar | France | ||
Otomat/Milas | 1977 | 770 kg (1,700 lb) |
210 kg (460 lb) |
360 km (190 nmi) (min.) |
1,116 km/h (603 kn) | Turbojet | Surface, air | Inertial, GPS, active radar | France/Italy | ||
Exocet | 1975 | 670 kg (1,480 lb) |
165 kg (364 lb) |
180 km (97 nmi) |
1,134 km/h (612 kn) | Solid propellant (Block 1, block 2), turbojet (Block 3) | Air, surface, submarine | Inertial, active radar | France | Used in combat | |
AS.37/AJ.168 Martel | 1970 | 550 kg (1,210 lb) |
150 kg (330 lb) |
60 km (32 nmi) |
1,070 km/h (580 kn) | Solid propellant | Air | Passive radar, TV | France/United Kingdom | Used in combat | |
Malafon | 1966 | 1,330 kg (2,930 lb) |
? | 13 km (7.0 nmi) |
808 km/h (436 kn) | Solid propellant | Ship, surface | MCLOS (radio link) | France | ||
SS.12/AS.12 | 1960 | 76 kg (168 lb) |
28 kg (62 lb) |
7 km (3.8 nmi) |
370 km/h (200 kn) | Solid-fueled | Air, surface | Wire-guided MCLOS | France | Used in combat | |
Malaface | 1954 | 1,430 kg (3,150 lb) |
700 kg (1,500 lb) |
40 km (22 nmi) |
808 km/h (436 kn) | Solid propellant | Surface | MCLOS (radio link) | France | ||
BHT-38 | 1940 | 160 kg (350 lb) |
? | ? | ? | None (glide bomb) | Air | MCLOS (radio link) | France | ||
Sea Eagle | 1985 | 580 kg (1,280 lb) |
230 kg (510 lb) |
110 km (59 nmi) (min.) |
1,000 km/h (540 kn) | Turbojet | Air | Inertial, active radar | United Kingdom | ||
Sea Skua | 1983 | 145 kg (320 lb) |
28 kg (62 lb) |
25 km (13 nmi) |
950 km/h (510 kn) | Solid fuel | Air | Semi-active radar | United Kingdom | Used in combat | |
RBS-15 | 1985 | 800 kg (1,800 lb) |
200 kg (440 lb) |
200 km (110 nmi) |
1,101 km/h (594 kn) | Turbojet | Air, surface | Inertial, GPS, radar | Sweden | ||
RB 08 | 1966 | ? | ? | 70 km (38 nmi) |
Subsonic | Turbojet | Surface | Radio link active radar | Sweden/France | ||
RB 04 | 1962 | 600 kg (1,300 lb) |
300 kg (660 lb) |
32 km (17 nmi) |
Subsonic | Solid propellant | Air | Active radar | Sweden | ||
Naval Strike Missile | 2009 | 410 kg (900 lb) |
125 kg (276 lb) |
250 km (130 nmi) |
High subsonic | Turbojet and solid fuel booster | Air, surface | Inertial, GPS, terrain-reference, imaging IR, target database | Norway | ||
Penguin | 1972 | 385 kg (849 lb) |
130 kg (290 lb) |
55 km (30 nmi) (min.) |
1,468 km/h (793 kn) | Solid propellant | Air, surface, submarine | Inertial, laser, infrarred | Norway | ||
Fritz X | 1943 | 1,362 kg (3,003 lb) |
320 kg (710 lb) |
5 km (2.7 nmi) |
1,235 km/h (667 kn) | None (glide bomb) | Air | Manual (radio link) | Germany | Used in combat | |
Henschel Hs 293 | 1943 | 1,045 kg (2,304 lb) |
295 kg (650 lb) |
5 km (2.7 nmi) |
828 km/h (447 kn) | Liquid-propellant, then gliding | Air | MCLOS (radio link) | Germany | Used in combat | |
Blohm & Voss BV 246 | 1943 | 730 kg (1,610 lb) |
435 kg (959 lb) |
210 km (110 nmi) |
450 km/h (240 kn) | None (glide bomb) | Air | Manual (radio link) | Germany | ||
RK-360MC Neptune | 2021 | 870 kg (1,920 lb) |
150 kg (330 lb) |
300 km (160 nmi) |
Subsonic | Turbofan | Ground based TEL | ? | Ukraine | Used in combat[24] | |
BrahMos-II | 2024+ | ? | ? | 1,000 km (540 nmi) 400 km (220 nmi)(export version) |
6,125–8,575 km/h (3,307–4,630 kn) | Scramjet | Ship, surface, air, submarine | ? | India/Russia | ||
BrahMos | 2006 | 2,500 kg (5,500 lb) (air), 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) (ground) |
300 kg (660 lb) |
290 km (160 nmi)(Export version) 400 km (220 nmi)(air-launched version) 700 km (380 nmi)(surface-launched version) |
3,675 km/h (1,984 kn) | Ramjet | Ship, surface, air, submarine | Inertial, active radar | India/Russia | ||
Çakır (missile) | 2023 | 275–330 kg (606–728 lb) |
70 kg (150 lb) |
150–200 km (81–108 nmi) |
919–1,040 km/h (496–562 kn) | Turbojet | Ship, surface, air | Inertial, IIR, RF, Hybrid (IIR+RF) | Turkey | ||
Atmaca | 2017 | 750 kg (1,650 lb) |
220 kg (490 lb) |
250 km (130 nmi) +280 km (150 nmi) (KARA Atmaca)[25] [26] |
1,042 km/h (563 kn) | Turbojet | Ship, surface, air | Inertial/GPS+RA+DL+IIR | Turkey | ||
SOM (missile) | 2006 | 600 kg (1,300 lb) |
230 kg (510 lb) |
SOM-A:250 km (160 mi) SOM-J:185 km (115 mi) | 1,153 km/h (623 kn) | Turbojet | Air | Inertial / GPS, terrain referenced navigation, automatic target recognition, imaging infrared | Turkey | ||
XASM-3 | 2016 | 940 kg (2,070 lb) |
? | 150 km (81 nmi)(original version) 400 km (220 nmi)(extended range) |
3,707 km/h (2,002 kn) | Ramjet | Air | Inertial / GPS, mid-course correction, active/passive radar | Japan | ||
Type 12 | 2015 | 700 kg (1,500 lb) |
? | 200 km (110 nmi)(original version) 400 km (220 nmi)(ship/air-launched and improved version) 900 km (490 nmi)(upgrade in development) 1,500 km (810 nmi)(future version) |
? | Turbojet | Ship, TEL, Air | Inertial, GPS, AESA | Japan | ||
Type 93 | 1993 | 530 kg (1,170 lb) |
? | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Anti-ship_missile