Non-binary

A genderqueer pride flag in Valencia reading "The future is not binary" in Spanish
Classification	Gender identity
Abbreviations	Enby NB
Other terms
Synonyms	Genderqueer
Associated terms	Androgyny queer third gender transgender genderfluid two-spirit

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Non-binary^[a] and genderqueer are umbrella terms for gender identities that are not solely male or female (identities outside the gender binary).^[2][3] Non-binary identities often fall under the transgender umbrella since non-binary people typically identify with a gender that is different from the sex assigned to them at birth,^[3] though some non-binary people do not consider themselves transgender.^[4][5]

Non-binary people may identify as an intermediate or separate third gender,^[6] identify with more than one gender^[7][8] or no gender, or have a fluctuating gender identity.^[9] Gender identity is separate from sexual or romantic orientation:^[10] non-binary people have various sexual orientations.^[11]

Being non-binary is also not the same as being intersex; most intersex people identify as either men or women^[12] though some identify as only non-binary, some identify as non-binary and genderfluid, such as Hida Viloria, while others identify as non-binary men or non-binary women.

Non-binary people as a group vary in their gender expressions, and some may reject gender identity altogether.^[13] Some non-binary people receive gender-affirming care to reduce the mental distress caused by gender dysphoria, such as gender-affirming surgery or hormone replacement therapy.^[14]

Terms, definitions, and identities

The term genderqueer originated in queer zines of the 1980s as a precursor to the term non-binary.^[15] It gained wider use in the 1990s among political activists,^[16] especially Riki Anne Wilchins.^[17] Wilchins used the term in a 1995 essay published in the first issue of In Your Face to describe anyone who is gender nonconforming, and identified as genderqueer in their 1997 autobiography.^[18][19] Wilchins was also one of the main contributors to the anthology Genderqueer: Voices Beyond the Sexual Binary published in 2002.^[20] The internet allowed the term genderqueer to spread even further than zines, and by the 2010s the term was introduced to the mainstream via celebrities who publicly identified under the genderqueer umbrella.^[16]

People who challenge binary social constructions of gender often self-identify as genderqueer.^[21] In addition to being an umbrella term for non-binary gender identities, genderqueer has been used as an adjective to refer to people who are perceived to transcend or diverge from traditional distinctions of gender, regardless of their gender identity. People may express gender non-normatively by not conforming into the binary gender categories of "man" and "woman".^[22]

The term genderqueer has also been applied by those describing what they see as gender ambiguity.^{[23][page needed]} Androgynous (also androgyne) is frequently used as a descriptive term for people in this category. This is because the term androgyny is closely associated with a blend of socially defined masculine and feminine traits.^{[24][page needed]} Not all genderqueer people identify as androgynous; some identify as a masculine woman or a feminine man, or combine genderqueer with another gender option.^[25] Some people use enby (from the letters NB) as a short form of non-binary.^[26][27] Being non-binary is not the same as being intersex, and most intersex people identify as either male or female.^[12]

Many references use the term transgender to include genderqueer/non-binary people.^[13][28][29] This use of the word as a broad term for various kinds of gender variation dates to at least 1992 and the publication of Leslie Feinberg's Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time Has Come.^[16] In 1994, non-binary author Kate Bornstein wrote, "All the categories of transgender find a common ground in that they each break one or more of the rules of gender: What we have in common is that we are gender outlaws, every one of us."^[30] The Human Rights Campaign Foundation and Gender Spectrum use the term gender-expansive to convey "a wider, more flexible range of gender identity and/or expression than typically associated with the binary gender system".^[31]

In a 2021 The Trevor Project survey, 72% of respondents who identified as nonbinary said they use the term to describe their gender identity. Other commonly used gender identity labels within the nonbinary umbrella included queer (29%), gender non-conforming (27%), genderfluid (24%), genderqueer (23%), androgynous (23%), agender (15%), demigirl (10%), demiboy (8%), genderflux (4%), and bigender (4%).^[32]

Agender

Agender people ("a-" meaning "without"), also called genderless, gender-free, non-gendered, or ungendered,^[33][34] are those who identify as having no gender or gender identity.^[35][36][13] This category includes a broad range of identities that do not conform to traditional gender norms, but scholar Finn Enke has said that people who identify with any of these positions may not necessarily self-identify as transgender.^[37] Agender people have no specific set of pronouns; singular they is typically used, but it is not the default.^[38] Neutrois and agender were two of 50 available custom genders added to Facebook in February 2014.^[39] Agender has also been a gender option on OkCupid since November 2014.^[40]

Multigender/polygender

"Multigender" and "polygender" refer to people who experience multiple genders, simultaneously or alternately. Multigender/polygender identities include demigender, bigender, pangender, and genderfluid people.^[41][42] Nonbinary people who identify with a singular or unchanging gender are referred to as monogender or genderstatic, respectively.^[43]

Bigender

Bigender (also bi-gender or dual gender) people have two gender identities and behaviors. Identifying as bigender is typically understood to mean that one identifies as both male and female or moves between masculine gender expression and feminine gender expression, having two distinct gender identities simultaneously or fluctuating between them.^[44][45][46] This is different from identifying as genderfluid, as those who identify as genderfluid may not go back and forth between any fixed gender identities and may experience an entire range or spectrum of identities over time.^[47][48] The American Psychological Association calls bigender identity part of the umbrella of transgender identities.^[49] Some bigender people express two distinct personas, which may be feminine, masculine, agender, androgyne, or other gender identities; others find that they identify as two genders simultaneously. A 1999 survey conducted by the San Francisco Department of Public Health observed that, among the transgender community, 3% of those who were assigned male at birth and 8% of those assigned female at birth identified as either "a transvestite, cross-dresser, drag queen, or a bigendered person".^[50] A 2016 Harris poll conducted on behalf of GLAAD found that 1% of millennials identify as bigender.^[51][52] Trigender people shift among male, female, and third gender.^[53]

Demigender

Demigender people identify partially or mostly with one gender and at the same time with another gender.^[54][55] There are several subcategories of the identity. A demi-boy or demi-man identifies at least partially with being a boy or a man (no matter the sex and gender they were assigned at birth) and partly with other genders or with no other gender (agender). Demi-girls identify as part non-binary, part female. A demiflux person feels that the stable part of their identity is non-binary.^[55]

Pangender

Pangender (also polygender or omnigender) people have multiple gender identities.^[56] Some may identify as all genders simultaneously.^[57]

Genderfluid

Genderfluid people often express a desire to remain flexible about their gender identity rather than committing to a single definition.^[58] They may fluctuate among differing gender expressions over their lifetime, or express multiple aspects of various gender markers at the same time.^[58][59] A genderfluid person may also identify as bigender, trigender, or pangender.^[7][8]

Transfeminine or transmasculine

Transfeminine is a term for any person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation; transmasculine is the equivalent term for someone who was assigned female at birth and has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.^[60]

Two-spirit

In a 1990 Indigenous LGBT gathering in Winnipeg, the term two-spirit, which refers to third-gender or gender-variant people from Indigenous North American communities, was created "to distinguish and distance Native American/First Nations people from non-Native peoples".^[61]

Xenogender

Xenogender is an umbrella term for gender identities that are described with terms outside standard human understandings of gender. These gender identities are typically defined metaphorically in relation to nonhuman animals, plants, foods, objects or sensory characteristics rather than male or female.^[62][63]

Other identities

There are other identities, such as maverique, aporagender, ambigender, intergender, and genderflux.^[60]

History

Non-binary gender has been included within the third gender concept, but the history of identities now classified as third gender extends beyond that of nonbinary gender in particular.^[67]

In 1776, the Public Universal Friend identified as a genderless evangelist, and afterward shunned both birth name and gendered pronouns,^[68][69] an early American instance of public non-binary gender expression.^[70]

In 1781, Jens Andersson of Norway, assigned female at birth but identifying as male, was imprisoned and put on trial after marrying Anne Kristine Mortensdotter in a Lutheran church. When asked about his gender, the response was "Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele" ("He believes he belongs to both").^[71]

In 1990, the American gender theorist and philosopher Judith Butler published their book Gender Trouble, questioning both the naturalness and the exclusive dichotomy of the male/female binary. Gender Trouble concludes by arguing that expanding cultural understandings of sex and gender contradicts the idea of sex and gender as binaries and reveals these binaries as unnatural.^[72] Butler has publicly identified as non-binary since 2019.^[73][66] They use they/them and she/her pronouns, but prefer the former.^[74]

In the mid-1990s, the term "gender queer" emerged in connection with the American transgender rights activist Riki Wilchins, who in 2002 co-edited a collection of articles, GenderQueer: Voices from beyond the Sexual Binary.^[75] Wilchins used the expression as early as 1995 in the In Your Face newsletter to argue against gender discrimination.^[76] In 1997, Wilchins announced they identify as genderqueer in their autobiography.^[77] In 2017, they published a collection of articles titled Burn the Binary!^[78]

In 1997, autism-rights movement activist Jim Sinclair, one of the founders of Autism Network International (ANI), publicly declared themself gender-neutral, writing, "I remain openly and proudly neuter, both physically and socially" in their 1997 self-introduction to the Intersex Society of North America.^[79]

In Japan, the expression "X-gender" (x-jendā) has been used since the late 1990s as a definition of gender outside of the binary of male and female.^[80] Notable people identifying as X-gender include manga artists Yūki Kamatani and Yuu Watase.^[81]

In 2012, the Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project began to advocate for expanding gender options on official documentation.^{[82][failed verification]} In 2016, Elisa Rae Shupe was the first person to have a non-binary gender on official U.S. documents.^[83]

In 2015, legislator Estefan Cortes-Vargas came out as non-binary in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta during a debate over the inclusion of transgender rights in the provincial human rights code.^[84]

Pronouns and titles

Many non-binary or genderqueer people use gender-neutral pronouns.^[85] In English, usage of singular "they", "their" and "them" is the most common;^[86][87] nonstandard pronouns—commonly called neopronouns^[88]—such as xe, ze, sie, co, and ey are sometimes used as well. Some others use the conventional gender-specific pronouns "he" or "she", alternate between "he" and "she", or use only their name and no pronouns at all.^[89] Many use additional neutral language, such as the title Mx.^[90][91]

A 2015 National Center for Transgender Equality study surveyed nearly 28,000 transgender people in the United States, 35% of whom identified as non-binary or genderqueer. 84% of respondents reported using pronouns that did not match the gender given on their birth certificates. 37% of respondents preferred he/him, 37% preferred she/her, and 29% preferred they/them. 20% of respondents did not ask others to use certain pronouns to refer to them, and 4% used pronouns not given in the survey choices.^[92]

The 2023 Gender Census, an annual survey of people "whose genders are not adequately described, expressed or encompassed by the restrictive gender binary," found that 63.1% of respondents said the word "nonbinary" best described how they thought of themselves in English.^[93]

Legal recognition

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Bigender
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