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This is a list of oldest extant buildings.
Criteria
A building is defined as any human-made structure used or interface for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy. In order to qualify for this list, a structure must:
- be a recognisable building;
- incorporate features of building work from the claimed date to at least 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height;
- be largely complete or include building work to this height for most of its perimeter.
- contain an enclosed area with at least one entry point.
This deliberately excludes ruins of limited height and statues. The list also excludes:
- dolmens, a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of three or more upright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone. Dolmens were typically covered with earth or smaller stones to form a tumulus (which are included in the list). In many instances, that covering has weathered away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" of the burial mound intact. Neolithic dolmens are extremely numerous, with over 1,000 reported from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany alone.[1]
- cairns, which are simply large piles of loose stones (as opposed to chambered cairns)
- standing stone rings, such as Stonehenge, also do not count because they are not enclosed and do not have roofs.
Dates for many of the oldest structures have been arrived at by radiocarbon dating and should be considered approximate.
By age
The following are amongst the oldest buildings in the world that have maintained the requirements to be such. Occupation sites with older human made structures such as those in Göbekli Tepe do exist, but the structures are monuments and do not meet the definition of building (which can be seen above). Many of the buildings within the list contain primarily bricks, but most importantly maintain their walls and roof. There are numerous extant structures that survive in the Orkney islands of Scotland, some of the best known of which are part of the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site.[2] The list also contains many large buildings from the Egyptian Age of the Pyramids.
Building | Image | Country | Continent | First built | Use | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Göbekli Tepe | ![]() |
Turkey | Asia | 9500–7500 BCE | Place of worship | Located in southern Turkey. The tell includes two phases of use, believed to be of a social or ritual nature by site discoverer and excavator Klaus Schmidt, dating back to the 10th–8th millennium BCE. The structure is 300 m in diameter and 15 m high. |
Tower of Jericho | ![]() |
West Bank, Palestine | Asia | 8000 BC | Tower | An 8.5-metre-tall (28 ft) stone structure, constructed of undressed stones, with an internal staircase of twenty-two steps. |
Çatalhöyük | ![]() |
Turkey | Asia | 7500–5700 BCE | Settlement | A very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia |
Mehrgarh | ![]() |
Pakistan | Asia | 7000 BCE | Settlement | A Neolithic archaeological site situated on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan in Pakistan. It is located near the Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River and between the modern-day Pakistani cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi. |
Aquae Calidae | ![]() |
Bulgaria | Europe | 6000-5000 BCE | Ancient town | Located in the Bulgarian port city Burgas on the Black Sea coast. Aquae Calidae was also known as Therma and Thermopolis in the Middle Ages and it was an ancient town in Thrace. |
Barnenez | ![]() |
France | Europe | 4800 BC | Passage grave | Located in northern Finistère and partially restored. According to André Malraux it would have been better named 'The Prehistoric Parthenon'. The structure is 72 m (236 ft) long, 25 m (82 ft) wide and over 8 m (26 ft) high.[3][4] |
Tumulus of Bougon | ![]() |
France | Europe | 4800 BC | Tumulus | A necropolis, complex of tombs with varying dates in Deux-Sèvres near Niort and Poitiers, the oldest being E and F0.[3] |
Saint-Michel tumulus | ![]() |
France | Europe | 4500 BC | Tumulus | The tumulus forms what is almost an artificial hillock of more than 30,000 m3 (1,100,000 cu ft) (60 m × 125 m × 10 m (197 ft × 410 ft × 33 ft)).[5][6] |
Anu ziggurat of Uruk | ![]() |
Iraq | Asia | 4000–3800 BC | Ziggurat | A massive White Temple was built atop of the ziggurat. Under the northwest edge of the ziggurat a Stone Temple has been discovered. |
Monte d'Accoddi | ![]() |
Italy (Sardinia) | Europe | 4000–3650 BC[7][8] | Possibly an open-air temple, or a step pyramid. | A trapezoidal platform on an artificial mound, reached by a sloped causeway. New radiocarbon dating (2011) allow us to date the building of the first monument to 4000–3650 BC, the second shrine dating to 3500–3000 BC."[9] |
La Hougue Bie | ![]() |
Jersey | Europe | 4000–3500 BC | Passage grave | An 18.6 m (61 ft) long Neolithic passage grave with 12th century (medieval) chapel above [10] and World War II structures.[11][12] |
Knap of Howar | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3700 BC | House | Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.[13][14][15] |
Ġgantija | ![]() |
Malta | Europe | 3700 BC | Temple | Two structures on the island of Gozo. The second was built four centuries after the oldest.[16][17] |
Dolmen of Menga | ![]() |
Spain | Europe | 3700 BC | Tomb | A megalithic burial mound called a tumulus, a long barrow form of dolmen |
West Kennet Long Barrow | ![]() |
United Kingdom (England) | Europe | 3650 BC | Tomb | Located near Silbury Hill and Avebury stone circle.[18] |
Listoghil | ![]() |
Ireland | Europe | 3550 BC | Passage Tomb | At the centre of the Carrowmore passage tomb cluster, a simple box-shaped chamber is surrounded by a kerb c.34 m (112 ft) in diameter and partly covered by a cairn. It has been partly reconstructed.[19] |
Stoney Littleton Long Barrow | ![]() |
United Kingdom (England) | Europe | 3550 BC | Tomb | Neolithic chambered tomb with multiple burial chambers, belonging to the Severn-Cotswold group located near Wellow, Somerset, England.[20] |
Sechin Bajo | Peru | South America | 3500 BC | Plaza | The oldest known building in the Americas.[21][22] | |
Dholavira | India | Asia | 3500 BC | Settlement | A complex of ruins with varying dates at Dholavira.[23][24][25]
It has brick water reservoirs, with steps, circular graves and the ruins of a well planned town. Recent research suggests the beginning of occupation around 3500 BCE (pre-Harappan) and continuity until around 1800 BCE (early part of Late Harappan period).[26] | |
Midhowe Chambered Cairn | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3500 BC | Tomb | A well-preserved chambered cairn of the Orkney-Cromarty type on the island of Rousay.[27] |
Gavrinis passage tomb | ![]() |
France | Europe | 3500 BC | Tomb | On a small island, situated in the Gulf of Morbihan.[28] |
Wayland's Smithy | ![]() |
United Kingdom (England) | Europe | 3460 BC | Chamber tomb | A barrow constructed on top of an older burial chamber.[29] |
Unstan Chambered Cairn | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3450 BC | Tomb | Excavated in 1884, when grave goods were found, giving their name to Unstan ware.[30][31][32] |
Loughcrew | ![]() |
Ireland | Europe | 3400 BC | Tomb | It is the site of megalithic burial grounds dating back to approximately 3500 and 3300 BC |
Knowe of Yarso chambered cairn | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3350 BC | Tomb | One of several Rousay tombs. It contained numerous deer skeletons when excavated in the 1930s.[30][33][34] |
Quanterness chambered cairn | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3250 BC | Tomb | The remains of 157 individuals were found inside when excavated in the 1970s.[30][35][36] |
Tarxien Temples | Malta | Europe | 3250 BC | Temples | Part of the Megalithic Temples of Malta World Heritage Site.[16][37] | |
Shahr-e Sukhteh | ![]() |
Iran | Asia | 3200 BC | Settlement | A rich source of information regarding the emergence of complex societies and contacts between them in the third millennium[38] |
Newgrange | Ireland | Europe | 3200 BC[39] | Burial | Partially reconstructed around original passage grave.[40] | |
Knowth | ![]() |
Ireland | Europe | c. 3200 BC | Passage grave | A Neolithic passage grave and an ancient monument of the World Heritage Site of Brú na Bóinne |
Dowth | ![]() |
Ireland | Europe | between 3200 and 2900 BC | Tomb | The cairn is about 85 metres (280 ft) in diameter and 15 metres (50 ft) high. |
Skara Brae | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3180 BC | Settlement | Northern Europe's best preserved Neolithic village.[41][42] |
Tomb of the Eagles | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3150 BC | Tomb | In use for 800 years or more. Numerous bird bones were found here, predominantly white-tailed sea eagle.[43][44] |
Tepe Sialk ziggurat | ![]() |
Iran | Asia | 3000 BC | Ziggurat | The oldest settlements in Sialk to date to around 6000–5500 BC.[45][46] The Sialk ziggurat was built around 3000 BC. |
Dolmen de Bagneux | ![]() |
France | Europe | 3000 BC | Dolmen | This is the largest dolmen in France, and perhaps the world; the overall length of the dolmen is 23 m (75 ft), with the internal chamber at over 18 m (59 ft) in length and at least 3 m (9.8 ft) high.[47][48][49] |
Grey Cairns of Camster | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3000 BC or older | Tomb | Located near Upper Camster in Caithness.[50][51] |
Hulbjerg Jættestue | ![]() |
Denmark | Europe | 3000 BC | Passage grave | The grave is concealed by a round barrow on the southern tip of the island of Langeland. One of the skulls found there showed traces of the world's earliest dentistry work.[52][53][54] |
Dolmens of North Caucasus | Russia | Europe | 3000 BC | Tomb | There are numerous tombs, some perhaps originating in the Maikop culture, in the North Caucasus.[55][56] | |
Taversoe Tuick chambered cairn | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3000 BC | Tomb | Unusually, there is an upper and lower chamber.[57] |
Holm of Papa chambered cairn | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3000 BC | Tomb | The central chamber is over 20 m (66 ft) long.[58][59] |
Barpa Langass | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3000 BC | Tomb | The best preserved chambered cairn in the Hebrides.[60][61] |
Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 3000 BC | Tomb | Excavated in 1901, when it was found to contain the bones of men, dogs and oxen.[62][63] |
Quoyness cairn | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 2900 BC | Tomb | An arc of Bronze Age mounds surrounds this cairn on the island of Sanday.[64] |
Maeshowe | ![]() |
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Europe | 2800 BC | Tomb | The entrance passage is 36 feet (11 m) long and leads to the central chamber measuring about 15 feet (4.6 m) on each side.[65][66] |
Shunet El Zebib | ![]() |
Egypt | Africa | 2700 BC | Mortuary temple | Built as a funerary enclosure, a place where the deceased king was worshipped and memorialised. |
Pyramid of Djoser | ![]() |
Egypt | Africa | 2667–2648 BC | Burial | Earliest large-scale cut stone construction.[67] |
Harappa | ![]() |
Pakistan (Then India) | Asia | 2600 BC | Settlement | A Bronze Age fortified city with clay sculptured houses located west of Sahiwal.[68]
The Indus Valley civilization had a possible writing system, urban centers, and diversified social and economic system. |
Mohenjo Daro | ![]() |
Pakistan (Then India) | Asia | 2600 BC | Settlement | An archeological site near Larkana.[69]
The world's earliest settlement with one and two storied brick houses, public baths, assembly halls, central marketplace and covered drains. |
Caral | ![]() |
Peru | South America | 2600 BC | Pyramid | Once thought to be the oldest building in South America.[70] |
Pyramid of Meidum | ![]() |
Egypt | Africa | c. 2580 BC
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