It has been suggested that Tianjing be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2024.

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Nanjing 南京市 Nanking, Nan-ching
Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city
Nanjing Skyline Linggu Temple Jiming Temple Zhongshan Mausoleum Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Confucius Temple
Location of Nanjing City jurisdiction in Jiangsu
Nanjing Location in China Show map of Eastern China Nanjing Nanjing (China) Show map of China
Coordinates: 32°03′39″N 118°46′44″E / 32.06083°N 118.77889°E / 32.06083; 118.77889
Country	China
Province	Jiangsu
County-level	11
Township-level	129
Settled	unknown (Yecheng, 495 BCE. Jinling City, 333 BCE)
Municipal seat	Xuanwu District
Government
• Type	Sub-provincial city
• Body	Nanjing Municipal People's Congress
• CCP Secretary	Han Liming
• Congress Chairman	Long Xiang
• Mayor	Chen Zhichang
• CPPCC Chairman	Liu Yi'an
Area [1]
• Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city	6,587 km2 (2,543 sq mi)
• Urban	1,398.69 km2 (540.04 sq mi)
Elevation	20 m (50 ft)
Population  (2020 census)
• Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city	9,314,685
• Density	1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
• Urban	9,314,685
• Metro	9,648,136
Demonym	Nankinese or Nanjinger[a]
GDP[2]
• Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city	CN¥ 1.636 trillion US$ 253.6 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 175,587 US$ 27,223
Time zone	UTC+08:00 (China Standard)
Postal code	210000–211300
Area code	25
ISO 3166 code	CN-JS-01
Human Development Index	0.859 (very high)
Website	City of Nanjing
City trees Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara), Platanus × acerifolia[3] City flowers Méi (Prunus mume)

Nanjing
"Nanjing" in Chinese characters
Chinese	南京
Postal	Nanking
Literal meaning	"Southern Capital"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Nánjīng Bopomofo ㄋㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄥ Wade–Giles Nan2-ching1 Tongyong Pinyin Nánjing IPA Wu Romanization noe平cin平 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Nàahmgīng Jyutping naam4 ging1 IPA Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lâm-kiaⁿ (col.) Lâm-king (lit.) Tâi-lô Lâm-kiann (col.) Lâm-king (lit.)

Nanjing^[b] is the capital of Jiangsu province in eastern China. The city has 11 districts, an administrative area of 6,600 km² (2,500 sq mi), and a population of 9,423,400 as of 2021^[update].^[6] Situated in the Yangtze River Delta region, Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capital of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century to 1949,^[7] and has thus long been a major center of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism, being the home to one of the world's largest inland ports. The city is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure,^[8] enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province.^[9] It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honor of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honor Award and National Civilized City.^[10] Nanjing is also considered a Beta (global second-tier) city classification, together with Chongqing, Hangzhou and Tianjin by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network,^[11] and ranked as one of the world's top 100 cities in the Global Financial Centres Index.^[12]

By 2021, Nanjing has 68 institutions of higher learning,^[13] including 13 double-first-class universities, ten 111-plan universities, eight 211 universities, and 97 academies. Nanjing has many highly ranked educational institutions,^[14] with the number of universities (13) listed in 147 Double First-Class Universities ranking third (after Beijing and Shanghai),^[15][16] including Nanjing University, which has a long history and is among the world's top 20 universities ranked by Nature Index.^[17] The ratio of college students to the total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing has the sixth-largest scientific research output of any city in the world.^[18] As of 2023, it has been ranked as the world's top second scientific research center in earth & environmental sciences and the world's top third scientific research center in chemistry, according to the Nature Index.^[19][20][21]

Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It has been one of the world's largest cities, enjoying peace and prosperity despite wars and disasters.^{[22][23][24][25]} Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu (229–280), one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period; the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317 to 589; the Southern Tang (937–75), one of the Ten Kingdoms; the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368–1421);^[26] and the Republic of China under the nationalist Kuomintang (1927–37, 1946–49) before its flight to Taiwan by Chiang Kai-Shek during the Chinese Civil War.^[27] The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1853–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It suffered severe atrocities in both conflicts, most notably the Nanjing massacre of 1937.^[28]

Nanjing has served as the capital city of Jiangsu province since the establishment of the People's Republic of China. It has many important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Jiangsu Art Museum.

Names

The city has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city.

The city was known as Yuecheng and Jinling or "Ginling" (金陵 from the Warring States Era. Jianye (建业; Chien-yeh), which means 'build an empire', was officially designated for the city during the Eastern Wu dynasty. The city first became a Chinese national capital as early as the Jin dynasty and was renamed Jiankang. Nanjing is also called Jincheng (金城, Golden City), derived from Jinling City.

The name Nanjing, which means "southern capital", was officially designated for the city during the Ming dynasty, about six hundred years later.^[c] In English, the spelling Nanking was traditional until pinyin, developed in the 1950s and internationally adopted in the 1980s, standardized the spelling as "Nanjing".

During the Qing dynasty, the city was called Jiangning (江寧; Kiang-ning), whose first character jiang (Chinese: 江; pinyin: jiāng; lit. 'river', i.e. the Yangtze) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and second character ning (寧, simplified form 宁; 'peace') is the shortened name of Nanjing. When it was the capital of the Republic of China (1912–49), jing (京; 'capital') was adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing.

History

Early history

Archaeological discovery shows that the so-called "Nanjing Man" lived more than 500,000 years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, were found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing about 5000 years ago.^[29] About 7000 years ago, there was an agricultural civilization in the area that is now Qixia. In the Jiangning district, ruins of primitive villages from the Neolithic Age were discovered.^[when?]

About 4000 years ago, dense Bronze Age primitive settlements appeared in the Qinhuai River Basin, labeled as the Hushu culture. The earliest cities in Nanjing were formed around these settlements. Due to the volume of archeological finds in the area related to the Taowu and Hushu cultures, many historians, anthropologists, and archeologists frequent the Nanjing area.^[30]

Hushu culture developed into Wu culture under the influence of the Shang and Zhou, who encroached from Central Plains. From the traditions, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established the state of Wu during the 12th century BC.

In 571 BC, the State of Chu established Tangyi in Liuhe. This is the oldest extant administrative establishment in Nanjing; as of 2024 it has a history 2595 years long. In 541, Wu built Laizhu Town in Gaochun—because of its strong city, it was also called Gucheng. Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC.^[31]

Wu was conquered by the State of Yue in 473, and the city was rebuilt at the mouth of the Qinhuai River in the following year. Later it was called Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate, which was the beginning of the construction of the main city of Nanjing. In 333 BC, Chu defeated Yue and built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) on today's Stone City in the western part of Nanjing.^[32] It was the earliest administrative construction in the main city of Nanjing. The name of Jinling comes from this.

In 210 BC, the First Emperor of Qin visited the east and changed Jinling City to Moling (秣陵). Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.^{[citation needed]} The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang.

Capital of the Six Dynasties

Nanjing first became a state capital in AD 229, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye, the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in AD 211.^[26] Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighboring areas had been well cultivated, developing into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the Eastern Wu.^[25] At the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Sun Quan, who ruled Jiangdong, moved his ruling office to Moling in 211. The following year, he built a stone city fortress in the old place of Jinling Town. In 229, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang and established Dong Wu (Eastern Wu). Then he moved his capital to Jianye, known as the "Zhongshan Dragon Plate, Stone Tigers", and opened the history of Nanjing as the capital. In 280, the Western Jin dynasty destroyed Wu and rebuilt the industry into Moling. In 282, with the Qinhuai River as the boundary, Moling was divided into two counties, Jianye and Moling. In 313, Jianye was renamed Jiankang because of avoiding the name taboo of Emperor Sima Ye of the Jin dynasty. In 317, Emperor Sima Rui was building a new country, known as the Eastern Jin dynasty after the Fall of Luoyang and the northern gentry moved south. During more than 270 years of separation between North and South, Jiankang became the capital of China.

Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang, replacing Luoyang.^[34] This marked the first time a Chinese dynastic capital moved to southern China.

During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia.^[35] Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households.^[36] Assuming an average Nanjing household consisted of about 5.1 people, the city had more than 1.4 million residents.^[34]

A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District.^[37] Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang.^[38][39]

Six Dynasties is a collective term for six Chinese dynasties mentioned above which all maintained national capitals at Jiankang. The six dynasties were: Eastern Wu (222–280), Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420) and four southern dynasties (420–589).

Destruction and revival

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Nanching
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