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| Pashto alphabet پښتوالفبې Pəx̌tó alfbâye | |
|---|---|
 The 46 Pashto alphabet shown in boxes | |
| Script type | |
Time period | 16th century–present |
| Direction | Right-to-left |
| Official script |  Afghanistan,  Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) |
| Languages | Pashto (incl. various dialects) |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
| Pashto alphabet |
|---|
| ﺍ ﺏ پ ﺕ ټ ﺙ ﺝ چ ﺡ ﺥ څ ځ ﺩ ډ ﺫ ﺭ ړ ﺯ ژ ږ ﺱ ﺵ ښ ﺹ ﺽ ﻁ ﻅ ﻉ ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ک ګ ﻝ ﻡ ﻥ ڼ ﻭ ه ۀ ي ې ی ۍ ئ |
|
Extended Arabic script |
The Pashto alphabet (Pashto: پښتو الفبې, romanized: Pəx̌tó alfbâye) is the right-to-left abjad-based alphabet developed from the Arabic script, used for the Pashto language in Pakistan and Afghanistan. It originated in the 16th century through the works of Pir Roshan.
Form
Pashto is written in the Arabic Naskh. Pashto uses all 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet, and shares 3 letters (چ, پ, and ژ) with Persian in the additional letters.
Differences from Persian alphabet
Pashto has several letters which do not appear in any other Perso-Arabic scripts, which are shown in the table below:
| Letter | IPA | Base Arabic letter |
|---|---|---|
| ټ | /ʈ/ | ت |
| ډ | /ɖ/ | د |
| ړ | /ɭ̆/ | ﺭ |
| ڼ | /ɳ/ | ن |
| ښ | /ʂ/, /ç/ | س |
| ږ | /ʐ/, /ʝ/ | ﺭ |
| څ | /t͡s/ | ح |
| ځ | /d͡z/ | ح + ء |
All the additional characters are derived from existing Arabic letters by adding diacritics; for example, the consonants x̌īn/ṣ̌īn and ǵe/ẓ̌e look like Arabic's sīn and re respectively with a dot above and beneath. Similarly, the letters representing retroflex consonants are written with a small circle (known as a "panḍak", "ğaṛwanday" or "skəṇay") attached underneath the corresponding dental consonants.
The consonant /ɡ/ is written as either ګ or گ.
In addition to Persian vowels, Pashto has ئ, ې, ۀ, and ۍ for additional vowels and diphthongs.
Stress
Pashto employs stress:[1] this can change the aspect of the verb and the meaning of the word. The Arabic alphabet does not show stress placement, but in transliteration it is indicated by the use of acute accent diactric: ´ over the vowel.
Example
| Diactric | Pashto | Transliteraltion | Stress in Bold |
|---|---|---|---|
| á | ډله | ḍála | ḍá-la |
| ó | اوړى | óṛay | ó-ṛay |
| ā́ | شاباس | šā́bās | šā́-bās |
| ә́ | ګڼل | gaṇә́l | ga-ṇә́l |
| í | ناخوښي | nāxwaṣ̌í | nā-xwa-ṣ̌í |
| ú | اوږه | úẓ̌a | ú-ẓ̌a |
| é | بې ښې | be ṣ̌é | be-ṣ̌é |
Letters
Pashto has 45 letters and 4 diacritic marks. The Southern (S), Northeastern (NE) and Northwestern (NW) dialects of Pashto are included.
| Name | IPA | Transliteration | Contextual forms | Isolated | ALA-LC Romaniz. |
Latin | Unicode (Hex) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symbol | English Examples | Final | Medial | Initial | ||||||
| alep or alif | bark | ā | ـا | ـا | آ, ا | آ, ا | ā | Ā ā | U+0627, U+0622 | |
| be | born | b | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | ب | b | B b | U+0628 | |
| pe | peel | p | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | پ | p | P p | U+067E | |
| te | t | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | ت | t | T t | U+062A | ||
| ṭe | ṭ | ـټ | ـټـ | ټـ | ټ | ṭ | Ṭ ṭ | U+067C | ||
| se2 | biscuit | s | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | ث | s̱ | S s | U+062B | |
| jim | jug | j (or ǰ) | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ج | j | J j | U+062C | |
| če | cheese | č | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | چ | ch | Č č | U+0686 | |
| he2 | 3 | house | h | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ح | ḥ | H h | U+062D |
| xe | loch (Scottish) | x | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | خ | kh | X x | U+062E | |
| tse śe |
/ | cats | ts (or c) | ـڅ | ـڅـ | څـ | څ | ṡ | Ś ś | U+0685 |
| dzim źim |
d͡z / z | aids | dz (or j) | ـځ | ـځـ | ځـ | ځ | ż | Ź ź | U+0681 |
| dāl | d̪ | d | ـد | ـد | د | د | d | D d | U+062F | |
| ḍāl | ɖ | ḍ (or dd) | ـډ | ـډ | ډ | ډ | ḍ | Ḍ ḍ | U+0689 | |
| zāl2 | z | zoo | z | ـذ | ـذ | ذ | ذ | ẕ | Z z | U+0630 |
| re | r | rain | r | ـر | ـر | ر | ر | r | R r | U+0631 |
| ṛe4 | ɽ | ṛ (or rr) | ـړ | ـړ | ړ | ړ | ṛ | Ṛ ṛ | U+0693 | |
| ze | z | zoo | z | ـز | ـز | ز | ز | z | Z z | U+0632 |
| že | ʒ / d͡z | vision, delusion, division | ž | ـژ | ـژ | ژ | ژ | zh | Ž ž | U+0698 |
| ẓ̌ey (S) ǵey (NW) gey (NE) |
ʐ (S) ʝ (NW) g (NE) |
vision or gift | ẓ̌ (S) γ̌/ǵ (NE) g (NE) |
ـږ | ـږ | ږ | ږ | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Pashto_alphabet|||