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Turkish War of Independence
Part of the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in the aftermath of World War I
Clockwise from top left: Delegation gathered in Sivas Congress to determine the objectives of the Turkish National Movement; Turkish civilians carrying ammunition to the front; Kuva-yi Milliye infantry; Turkish horse cavalry in chase; Turkish Army's capture of Smyrna; troops in Ankara's Ulus Square preparing to leave for the front.
Date 19 May 1919 – 11 October 1922 (armistice) 24 July 1923 (peace) (4 years, 2 months and 5 days) Location Anatolia, southwestern Caucasus, Upper Mesopotamia, and East Thrace Result Turkish victory[15][16] Territorial changes Establishment of the Republic of Turkey
Belligerents
Turkish Nationalists: Ankara Government (1919–1920; 1920–1923) Also:  Azerbaijan (1918–1920) Aras Republic (1918–1919) Iğdır National Republic (1918–1920) Provisional Kars Government (1918–1919) Green Army (1919–1920) Oltu Council Government (1919–1920) Kurdistan[1] (1919; 1921–1923) Supported by:  Russian SFSR[2]  Ukrainian SSR[3]  Azerbaijan SSR[4][5]  Bukharan PSR[6]  Italy[7]  France (from 1921)[8][9][10] Indian Muslims  Afghanistan	Allied Powers:  Greece  France (until 1921) French West Africa[11] Armenian Legion Algeria[11] Morocco[11] Tunisia[11]  United Kingdom  India[12][13][14]  Armenia (in 1920) Supported by:  United States Denikin's army Istanbul Government Other pro-Istanbul rebels  Georgia (in 1921) Separatists: Pontic Greek rebels Kurdish rebels Assyrian rebels Green Army (1920–1921)
Commanders and leaders
Mustafa Kemal Pasha Mustafa Fevzi Pasha Mustafa İsmet Pasha Kazım Karabekir Pasha Fahrettin Pasha Ali Fuat Pasha Refet Pasha Nureddin Pasha Ali İhsan Pasha Osman the Lame Ethem the Circassian (until 1920)	Eleftherios Venizelos Leonidas Paraskevopoulos Constantine I Dimitrios Gounaris Anastasios Papoulas Georgios Hatzianestis Henri Gouraud Drastamat Kanayan Movses Silikyan Sir George Milne Mehmed VI Damat Ferid Pasha Süleyman Şefik Pasha Anzavur Ahmed Pasha  Ethem the Circassian Alişer
Strength
May 1919: 35,000[17] November 1920: 86,000 (creation of regular army)[18] August 1922: 271,000[19][note 1]	Dec. 1919: 80,000[20] 1922: 200,000[21]–250,000[22][23] 60,000[24][25] 30,000[26] 20,000[27] 7,000 (at peak)[28]
Casualties and losses
13,000 killed[29] 22,690 died of disease[30] 5,362 died of wounds or other non-combat causes[30] 35,000 wounded[29] 7,000 prisoners[31] Total: 83,052 casualties	24,240 killed[32] 18,095 missing 48,880 wounded 4,878 died outside of combat 13,740 prisoners[32][33][note 2] 1,100+ killed[41] 3,000+ prisoners[42] ~7,000 Total: 116,055 casualties
264,000 Greek civilians killed[43] 60,000–250,000 Armenian civilians killed[44][45] 15,000+ Turkish civilians killed in the Western Front[46] 30,000+ buildings and 250+ villages burnt to the ground by the Hellenic Army and Greek/Armenian rebels.[47][48][49][50][51]
Notes ^ a. Kuva-yi Milliye came under command of the Grand National Assembly after 4 September 1920. ^ b. Italy occupied Constantinople and a part of southwestern Anatolia but never fought the Turkish army directly. During its occupation Italian troops protected Turkish civilians, who were living in the areas occupied by the Italian army, from Greek troops and accepted Turkish refugees who had to flee from the regions invaded by the Greek army.[52] In July 1921 Italy began to withdraw its troops from southwestern Anatolia. ^ c. The Treaty of Ankara was signed in 1921 and the Franco-Turkish War thus ended. The French troops remained in Constantinople with the other Allied troops. ^ d. The United Kingdom occupied Constantinople, then fought directly against Turkish irregular forces in the Greek Summer Offensive with the Greek troops. However, after this the United Kingdom would not take part in any more major fighting.[53][54][55][56] Moreover, the British troops occupied several towns in Turkey such as Mudanya.[57] Naval landing forces had tried to capture Mudanya as early as 25 June 1920, but stubborn Turkish resistance inflicted casualties on British forces and forced them to withdraw. There were many instances of successful delaying operations of small Turkish irregular forces against numerical superior enemy troops.[58] The United Kingdom, which also fought diplomatically against the Turkish National Movement, came to the brink of a great war in September 1922 (Chanak Crisis). ^ e. The Ottoman controlled Kuva-yi Inzibatiye ("Caliphate Army") fought the Turkish revolutionaries during the Greek Summer Offensive and the Ottoman government in Constantinople supported other revolts (e.g. Anzavur). ^ f. Greece took 22,071 military and civilian prisoners. Of these were 520 officers and 6,002 soldiers. During the prisoner exchange in 1923, 329 officers, 6,002 soldiers and 9,410 civilian prisoners arrived in Turkey. The remaining 6,330, mostly civilian prisoners, presumably died in Greek captivity.[31]

The Turkish War of Independence^{[note 3]} (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The conflict was between the Turkish Nationalists against Allied and separatist forces over the application of Wilsonian principles, especially national self-determination, in post-World War I Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. The revolution concluded the collapse of the Ottoman Empire; the end of the Ottoman sultanate and the Ottoman caliphate, and the Republic of Turkey was declared in Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. This resulted in a transfer of vested sovereignty from the sultan-caliph to the nation, setting the stage for Republican Turkey's period of nationalist revolutionary reform.