Siddhaṃ script

Siddham script
*Siddhaṃ*
𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽
Siddham script; Siddhaṃ; 𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽
	The word Siddhaṃ in Siddhaṃ script
Script type	Abugida
Time period	c. late 6th century – c. 1200 CE
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Brahmi Gupta Siddham script; ; ; ; ; ;
Child systems	Nagari; Gaudi script Bengali-Assamese Assamese; Bengali; Tirhuta; ; ; Odia; Nepalese;
Sister systems	Sharada, Tibetan, Kalinga, Bhaiksuki
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Sidd (302), Siddham, Siddhaṃ, Siddhamātṛkā
Unicode
Unicode alias	Siddham
Unicode range	U+11580–U+115FF; Final Accepted Script Proposal; Variant Forms

Siddhaṃ (also Siddhāṃ^[7]), also known in its later evolved form as Siddhamātṛkā,^[8] is a medieval Brahmic abugida, derived from the Gupta script and ancestral to the Nāgarī, Eastern Nagari, Tirhuta, Odia and Nepalese scripts.^[9]

The word Siddhaṃ means "accomplished" or "perfected" in Sanskrit. The script received its name from the practice of writing Siddhaṃ, or Siddhaṃ astu (may there be perfection), at the head of documents. Other names for the script include bonji (Japanese: 梵字) lit. "Brahma's characters" and "Sanskrit script" and Chinese: 悉曇文字; pinyin: Xītán wénzi lit. "Siddhaṃ script".

History

The Siddham script evolved from the Gupta Brahmi script in the late 6th century CE.^[1]

Many Buddhist texts taken to China along the Silk Road were written using a version of the Siddhaṃ script. This continued to evolve, and minor variations are seen across time, and in different regions. Importantly, it was used for transmitting the Buddhist tantra texts. At the time it was considered important to preserve the pronunciation of mantras, and Chinese was not suitable for writing the sounds of Sanskrit. This led to the retention of the Siddhaṃ script in East Asia. The practice of writing using Siddhaṃ survived in East Asia where Tantric Buddhism persisted.

Kūkai introduced the Siddhaṃ script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with Nalanda-trained monks including one known as Prajñā (Chinese: 般若三藏; pinyin: Bōrě Sāncáng; 734–c. 810). By the time Kūkai learned this script, the trading and pilgrimage routes over land to India had been closed by the expanding Abbasid Caliphate.^[10]

In the middle of the 9th century, China experienced a series of purges of "foreign religions", thus cutting Japan off from the sources of Siddhaṃ texts. In time, other scripts, particularly Devanagari, replaced Siddhaṃ in India, while Siddhaṃ's northeastern derivative called Gaudi evolved to become the Eastern Nagari, Tirhuta, Odia and also the Nepalese scripts in the eastern and northeastern regions of South Asia,^[11]^[12] leaving East Asia as the only region where Siddhaṃ is still used.

There were special forms of Siddhaṃ used in Korea that varied significantly from those used in China and Japan, and there is evidence that Siddhaṃ was written in Central Asia, as well, by the early 7th century.

As was done with Chinese characters, Japanese Buddhist scholars sometimes created multiple characters with the same phonological value to add meaning to Siddhaṃ characters. This practice, in effect, represents a 'blend' of the Chinese style of writing and the Indian style of writing and allows Sanskrit texts in Siddhaṃ to be differentially interpreted as they are read, as was done with Chinese characters that the Japanese had adopted. This led to multiple variants of the same characters.^[13]

Characteristics

Siddhaṃ is an abugida rather than an alphabet, as each character indicates a syllable, including a consonant and (possibly) a vowel. If the vowel sound is not explicitly indicated, the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks are used to indicate other vowels, as well as the anusvara and visarga. A virama can be used to indicate that the consonant letter stands alone with no vowel, which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words.

Siddhaṃ texts were usually written from left to right then top to bottom, as with other Brahmic scripts, but occasionally they were written in the traditional Chinese style, from top to bottom then right to left. Bilingual Siddhaṃ-Japanese texts show the manuscript turned 90 degrees clockwise and the Japanese is written from top to bottom, as is typical of Japanese, and then the manuscript is turned back again, and the Siddhaṃ writing is continued from left to right (the resulting Japanese characters appear sideways).

Over time, additional markings were developed, including punctuation marks, head marks, repetition marks, end marks, special ligatures to combine conjuncts and rarely to combine syllables, and several ornaments of the scribe's choice, which are not currently encoded. The nuqta is also used in some modern Siddhaṃ texts.

Vowels

Independent form	Romanized	As diacritic with	Independent form	Romanized	As diacritic with
𑖀	a	𑖎𑖿𑖧	𑖁	ā	𑖎𑖿𑖧𑖯
𑖂	i	𑖎𑖿𑖧𑖰	𑖃	ī	𑖎𑖿𑖧𑖱
𑖄	u	𑖎𑖿𑖧𑖲	𑖅	ū	𑖎𑖿𑖧𑖳
𑖊	e	𑖎𑖿𑖧𑖸	𑖋	ai	𑖎𑖿𑖧𑖹
𑖌	o	𑖎𑖿𑖧𑖺	𑖍	au	𑖎𑖿𑖧𑖻
𑖀𑖽	aṃ	𑖎𑖿𑖧𑖽	𑖀𑖾	aḥ	𑖎𑖿𑖧𑖾

Alternative forms
ā	i	i	ī	ī	u	ū	o	au	aṃ

Independent form	Romanized	As diacritic with	Independent form	Romanized	As diacritic with
𑖆	ṛ	𑖎𑖴	𑖇	ṝ	𑖎𑖵
𑖈	ḷ		𑖉	ḹ

Consonants

	Stop					Approximant	Fricative
	Tenuis	Aspirated	Voiced	Breathy voiced	Nasal	Approximant	Fricative
Glottal							𑖮 h
Velar	𑖎 k	𑖏 kh	𑖐 g	𑖑 gh	𑖒 ṅ
Palatal	𑖓 c	𑖔 ch	𑖕 j	𑖖 jh	𑖗 ñ	𑖧 y	𑖫 ś
Retroflex	𑖘 ṭ	𑖙 ṭh	𑖚 ḍ	𑖛 ḍh	𑖜 ṇ	𑖨 r	𑖬 ṣ
Dental	𑖝 t	𑖞 th	𑖟 d	𑖠 dh	𑖡 n	𑖩 l	𑖭 s
Bilabial	𑖢 p	𑖣 ph	𑖤 b	𑖥 bh	𑖦 m
Labiodental						𑖪 v

Conjuncts in alphabet
𑖎𑖿𑖬 kṣ	𑖩𑖿𑖩𑖽 llaṃ

Alternative forms
ch	j	ñ	ṭ	ṭh	ḍh	ḍh	ṇ	ṇ	th	th	dh	n	m	ś	ś	v

Conjuncts

k $\cdots$ kṣ	-ya	-ra	-la	-va	-ma	-na
𑖎 k	𑖎𑖿𑖧 kya	𑖎𑖿𑖨 kra	𑖎𑖿𑖩 kla	𑖎𑖿𑖪 kva	𑖎𑖿𑖦 kma	𑖎𑖿𑖡 kna
𑖨𑖿𑖎 rk	𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖧 rkya	𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖨 rkra	𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖩 rkla	𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖪 rkva	𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖦 rkma	𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖡 rkna
𑖏 kh	$\cdots$
$\vdots$ total 68 rows.

↑ The combinations that contain adjoining duplicate letters should be deleted in this table.

𑖒𑖿𑖎 ṅka	𑖒𑖿𑖏 ṅkha	𑖒𑖿𑖐 ṅga	𑖒𑖿𑖑 ṅgha
𑖗𑖿𑖓 ñca	𑖗𑖿𑖔 ñcha	𑖗𑖿𑖕 ñja	𑖗𑖿𑖖 ñjha
𑖜𑖿𑖘 ṇṭa	𑖜𑖿𑖙 ṇṭha	𑖜𑖿𑖚 ṇḍa	𑖜𑖿𑖛 ṇḍha
𑖡𑖿𑖝 nta	𑖡𑖿𑖞 ntha	𑖡𑖿𑖟 nda	𑖡𑖿𑖠 ndha
𑖦𑖿𑖢 mpa	𑖦𑖿𑖣 mpha	𑖦𑖿𑖤 mba	𑖦𑖿𑖥 mbha

𑖒𑖿𑖧 ṅya	𑖒𑖿𑖨 ṅra	𑖒𑖿𑖩 ṅla	𑖒𑖿𑖪 ṅva
𑖒𑖿𑖫 ṅśa	𑖒𑖿𑖬 ṅṣa	𑖒𑖿𑖭 ṅsa	𑖒𑖿𑖮 ṅha	𑖒𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖬 ṅkṣa

𑖭𑖿𑖎 ska	𑖭𑖿𑖏 skha	𑖟𑖿𑖐 dga	𑖟𑖿𑖑 dgha	𑖒𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖝𑖿𑖨 ṅktra
𑖪𑖿𑖓 vca/bca	𑖪𑖿𑖔 vcha/bcha	𑖪𑖿𑖕 vja/bja	𑖪𑖿𑖖 vjha/bjha	𑖕𑖿𑖗 jña
𑖬𑖿𑖘 ṣṭa	𑖬𑖿𑖙 ṣṭha	𑖟𑖿𑖚 dḍa	𑖟𑖿𑖛 dḍha	𑖬𑖿𑖜 ṣṇa
𑖭𑖿𑖝 sta	𑖭𑖿𑖞 stha	𑖪𑖿𑖟 vda/bda	𑖪𑖿𑖠 vdha/bdha	𑖨𑖿𑖝𑖿𑖭𑖿𑖡 rtsna
𑖭𑖿𑖢 spa	𑖭𑖿𑖣 spha	𑖟𑖿𑖤 dba	𑖟𑖿𑖥 dbha	𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖿𑖦 rkṣma

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Siddhaṃ_script
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

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Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok.
Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

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[2]

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Siddham script Siddhaṃ 𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽
The word Siddhaṃ in Siddhaṃ script
Script type	Abugida
Time period	c. late 6th century^[1] – c. 1200 CE^{[note 1]}
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Brahmi Gupta^[2]^[3] Siddham script
Child systems	Nagari^[4]^[5] Gaudi script Bengali-Assamese Assamese Bengali Tirhuta Odia^[6] Nepalese^[5]
Sister systems	Sharada,^[2]^[3]^[5] Tibetan,^[4] Kalinga, Bhaiksuki
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Sidd (302), Siddham, Siddhaṃ, Siddhamātṛkā
Unicode
Unicode alias	Siddham
Unicode range	U+11580–U+115FF Final Accepted Script Proposal Variant Forms