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Southeast Asia[a] is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and north-west of mainland Australia which is part of Oceania.[5] Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia and the Indian Ocean. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of the Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Mainland Southeast Asia is entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. East Timor and the southern portion of Indonesia are the parts of Southeast Asia that lie south of the Equator.
The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with both heavy seismic and volcanic activities.[6] The Sunda Plate is the main plate of the region, featuring almost all Southeast Asian countries except Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Laos, northern Vietnam, and northern Luzon of the Philippines, while the Sunda Plate only includes western Indonesia to as far east as the Indonesian province of Bali. The mountain ranges in Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lesser Sunda Islands, and Timor are part of the Alpide belt, while the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia as well as East Timor are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Both seismic belts meet in Indonesia, causing the region to have relatively high occurrences of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, particularly in the Philippines and Indonesia.[7]
It covers about 4,500,000 km2 (1,700,000 sq mi), which is 8% of Eurasia and 3% of Earth's total land area. Its total population is more than 675 million, about 8.5% of the world's population. It is the third most populous geographical region in Asia after South Asia and East Asia.[8] The region is culturally and ethnically diverse, with hundreds of languages spoken by different ethnic groups.[9] Ten countries in the region are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a regional organisation established for economic, political, military, educational, and cultural integration among its members.[10]
Southeast Asia is one of the most culturally diverse regions of the world. There are many different languages and ethnicities in the region. Historically, Southeast Asia was significantly influenced by Indian, Chinese, Muslim, and colonial cultures, which became core components of the region's cultural and political institutions. Most modern Southeast Asian countries were colonized by European powers. European colonisation exploited natural resources and labour from the lands they conquered, and attempted to spread European institutions to the region.[11] Several Southeast Asian countries were also briefly occupied by the Japanese Empire during World War II. The aftermath of World War II saw most of the region decolonised. Today, Southeast Asia is predominantly governed by independent states.[12]
Definition
The region, together with part of South Asia, was well known by Europeans as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Chinese sources referred to the region as Nanyang ("南洋"), which literally means the "Southern Ocean". The mainland section of Southeast Asia was referred to as Indochina by European geographers due to its location between China and the Indian subcontinent and its having cultural influences from both neighbouring regions. In the 20th century, however, the term became more restricted to territories of the former French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). The maritime section of Southeast Asia is also known as the Malay Archipelago, a term derived from the European concept of a Malay race.[13] Another term for Maritime Southeast Asia is Insulindia (Indian Islands), used to describe the region between Indochina and Australasia.[14]
The term "Southeast Asia" was first used in 1839 by American pastor Howard Malcolm in his book Travels in South-Eastern Asia. Malcolm only included the Mainland section and excluded the Maritime section in his definition of Southeast Asia.[15] The term was officially used in the midst of World War II by the Allies, through the formation of South East Asia Command (SEAC) in 1943.[16] SEAC popularised the use of the term "Southeast Asia", although what constituted Southeast Asia was not fixed; for example, SEAC excluded the Philippines and a large part of Indonesia while including Ceylon. However, by the late 1970s, a roughly standard usage of the term "Southeast Asia" and the territories it encompasses had emerged.[17] Although from a cultural or linguistic perspective the definitions of "Southeast Asia" may vary, the most common definitions nowadays include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below.
Ten of the eleven states of Southeast Asia are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), while East Timor is an observer state. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer. Sovereignty issues exist over some islands in the South China Sea.
Political divisions
Sovereign states
| State | Area (km2) |
Population (2020)[18] |
Density (/km2) |
GDP (nominal), billion USD (2022)[4] |
GDP (PPP), billion Int$ (2022)[4] |
GDP (nominal) per capita, USD (2022)[4] |
GDP (PPP) per capita, Int$ (2022)[4] |
HDI (2021)[19] |
Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Brunei
|
5,765[20] | 449,002 | 77 | 16.639 | 31.142 | $37,667 | $70,500 | 0.829 | Bandar Seri Begawan |
 Cambodia
|
181,035[21] | 16,718,965 | 92 | 28.544 | 89.570 | $1,784 | $5,600 | 0.593 | Phnom Penh |
 East Timor
|
14,874[22] | 1,320,942 | 89 | 3.659 | 7.502 | $2,671 | $5,478 | 0.607 | Dili |
 Indonesia
|
1,904,569[23] | 273,753,191 | 144 | 1,318.807 | 4,036.878 | $4,798 | $14,687 | 0.705 | Jakarta |
 Laos
|
236,800[24] | 7,425,057 | 31 | 15.304 | 68.843 | $2,046 | $9,207 | 0.607 | Vientiane |
 Malaysia
|
329,847[25] | 33,573,874 | 102 | 407.923 | 1,134.671 | $12,364 | $34,391 | 0.803 | Kuala Lumpur * |
 Myanmar
|
676,578[26] | 53,798,084 | 80 | 56.757 | 261.170 | $1,053 | $4,846 | 0.585 | Nay Pyi Taw |
 Philippines
|
300,000[27] | 115,559,009 | 380 | 404.261 | 1,171.162 | $3,623 | $10,497 | 0.699 | Manila |
 Singapore
|
719.2[28] | 5,921,231 | 8,261 | 466.789 | 719.080 | $82,807 | $127,563 | 0.939 | Singapore |
 Thailand
|
513,120[29] | 71,601,103 | 140 | 536.160 | 1,482.347 | $7,650 | $21,152 | 0.800 | Bangkok
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