Voiced dental plosive

Voiced dental plosive
Voiced dental plosive
d̪
IPA Number	104 408
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	d̪
Unicode (hex)	U+0064 U+032A
X-SAMPA	d_d
Braille

Voiced alveolar plosive
Voiced alveolar plosive
d
IPA Number	104
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	d
Unicode (hex)	U+0064
X-SAMPA	d
Braille

The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

There are only a few languages which distinguishes dental and alveolar stops, Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects being a few of them.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar stop:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
There are three specific variants of :
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties

IPA	Description
d	plain d
d̪	dental d
d̠	postalveolar d
dʱ	breathy d
dʲ	palatalized d
dʷ	labialized d
d̚	d with no audible release
d̥	voiceless d
d͈	tense d

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian		derë		'door'
Arabic	Egyptian	دنيا / donya	[ˈdonjæ]	'world'	See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern^[1]	դեմք / demk’	^ⓘ	'face'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Armenian	Western	տալ / dal		'to give'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkir		дүрт / dürt	^ⓘ	'four'
Basque		diru		'money'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian^[2]		падарожжа/padarožža		'travel'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengali		দুধ/dūdh		'milk'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan^[3]		drac		'dragon'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Dinka^[4]		dhek		'distinct'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dhivehi		ދެރަ/Dhera		'sad'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Dutch	Belgian	ding		'thing'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
English	Dublin^[5]	then		'then'	Laminal denti-alveolar.	Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be [d͡ð].^[5]	See English phonology
	Southern Irish^[6]
	Geordie^[7]					Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.^[7]
	Ulster^[8]	dream	d̪ɹim	'dream'		Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperanto		mondo	ˈmondo	'world'	See Esperanto phonology.
French^[9]		dais	d̪ɛ	'canopy'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian^[10]		კუდი	ˈkʼud̪i	'tail'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology
Hindustani^[11]	Hindi	दूध / dūdh	d̪uːd̪ʱ	'milk'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.	Contrasts with aspirated form <ध>.	See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hindustani^[11]	Urdu	دودھ / dūdh	d̪uːd̪ʱ	'milk'		Contrasts with aspirated form <دھ>.	See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Irish		dorcha	ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə	'dark'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian^[12]		dare	ˈd̪äːre	'to give'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese^[13]		男性的 / danseiteki	d̪ä̃ɰ̃se̞ːt̪e̞kʲi	'masculine'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian^[14]		^{[example needed]}			Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakh		дос	d̪os̪	'friend'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz^[15]		дос	d̪os̪	'friend'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian^[16]		drudzis	ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪	'fever'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathi		दगड/dagaḍ	d̪əɡəɖ	'stone'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Nepali		दिन/din	d̪in	'daytime'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology
Odia		ଦଶ/daśa	d̪ɔsɔ	'ten'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashto		ﺪﻮﻩ/dwa	ˈd̪wɑ	'two'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish^[17]		dom	d̪ɔm^ⓘ	'home'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese^[18]	Many dialects	dar	ˈd̪aɾ	'to give'	Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਦਾਲ/dāl	d̪ɑːl	'lentils'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	دال/dāl	d̪ɑːl	'lentils'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian^[19]		два/dva	ˈd̪va	'two'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[20]		дуга / duga	d̪ǔːgä	'rainbow'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene^[21]		danes	ˈd̪àːnə́s̪	'today'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Spanish^[22]		hundido	ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞	'sunken'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Telugu		దయ	d̪aja	'Kindness'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant.
Turkish		dal	d̪äɫ	'twig'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian^[23]^[24]		дерево/derevo	ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ	'tree'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek^[25]		sifatida	siɸætidæ	'as'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Wu		唐/da	d̪ɑ̃	'the Tang dynasty'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[26]	dan	d̪aŋ	'countryside'	Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolaredit

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		дахэ/daahė	daːxa	'pretty'
Assyrian		ܘܪܕܐ werda	wεrda	'flower'	Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Bengali		ডাব/ḍab	d̠ab	'green coconut'	True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as ɖ. See Bengali phonology.
Catalan^[27]		susdit	sʊzˈd̻it̪	'said before'	Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Czech		do	do	'into'	See Czech phonology
Dutch^[28]		dak	dɑk	'roof'	See Dutch phonology
English	Most speakers	dash	ˈdæʃ	'dash'	See English phonology
Finnish		sidos	ˈsido̞s	'bond'	See Finnish phonology
Greek		ντροπή / dropí	dro̞ˈpi	'shame'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew		דואר/ do'ar	ˈdo̞.äʁ̞	'mail'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian		adó	ˈɒdoː	'tax'	See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian		дахэ/ daahė	daːxa	'pretty'
Khmer		ដប / dab	dɑp	'bottle'
Korean		아들 / adeul	ɐdɯl	'son'	See Korean phonology
Kurdish	Northern	diran	dɪɾä:n	'tooth'	See Kurdish phonology
	Central	ددان/ dadân	dædä:n
	Southern	دیان/dîân	diːä:n
Luxembourgish^[29]		brudder	ˈb̥ʀudɐ	'brother'	More often voiceless [t].^[29] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay	Standard (incl. Malaysian)	dahan	dähän	'branch'	See Malay phonology
	Indonesian^[30]				See Malay phonology
	Kelantan-Pattani		dahɛː		See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Maltese		dehen	den	'wit'
Tagalog		dalaga	dɐˈlaɰɐ	'maiden'	See Tagalog phonology
Thai		ดาว/ dāw	daːw	'star'
Welsh		diafol	djavɔl	'devil'	See Welsh phonology
West Frisian		doarp	ˈdwɑrp	'village'
Yi		ꄿ/dda	da˧	'competent'
Yonaguni		与那国 / dunan	dunaŋ	'Yonaguni'

Variableedit

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic		دين/diin	diːn	'religion'	Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
English	Broad South African^[31]	dawn	doːn	'dawn'	Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.^[31]^[32]^[33]
	Scottish^[32]		dɔn
	Welsh^[33]		dɒːn
German	Standard^[34]	oder	ˈoːdɐ^ⓘ	'or'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.^[34] See Standard German phonology
Norwegian	Urban East^[35]	dans	d̻ɑns	'dance'	Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.^[35] See Norwegian phonology
Persian^[36]		اداره/edāre	edaːre	'office'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.^[36] See Persian phonology
Slovak^[37]^[38]		do	d̻ɔ̝^ⓘ	'into'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.^[37]^[38] See Slovak phonology
Swedish	Central Standard^[39]	dag	dɑːɡ	'day'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.^[39] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

Notesedit

^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
^ ^a ^b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
^ ^a ^b Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
^ Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99. Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Voiced_dental_plosive
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

Navigácia: Veda >

Analytika
Antropológia
Aplikované vedy
Bibliometria
Dejiny vedy
Encyklopédie
Filozofia vedy
Forenzné vedy
Humanitné vedy
Knižničná veda
Kryogenika
Kryptológia
Kulturológia
Literárna veda
Medzidisciplinárne oblasti
Metódy kvantitatívnej analýzy
Metavedy
Metodika

Metodológia vedy
Náboženstvo a veda
Náučná literatúra
Podvody vo vede
Popularizácia vedy
Potravinárstvo
Prírodné vedy
Pseudoveda
Scientometria
Spoločenské vedy
Teórie
Teatrológia
Technické vedy
Technika
Terminológia
Umenie
Výskum

Veda
Veda a technika podľa štátu
Veda a technika podľa kontinentu
Veda a technika podľa roka
Veda v kozme
Vedci
Vedecká literatúra
Vedecké databázy
Vedecké experimenty
Vedecké konferencie
Vedecké metódy
Vedecké ocenenia
Vedecké organizácie
Vedecké parky
Vedeckí spisovatelia
Vzdelávanie
Záhady

Príbuzné výrazy:

Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok.
Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

[FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200913-1] Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.

[FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947-2] Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.

[FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253-3] Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.

[FOOTNOTERemijsenManyang2009115,_121-4] Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003302-5] Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.

[FOOTNOTERocaJohnson199924-6] Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.

[FOOTNOTEWattAllen2003270-7] Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.

[8] "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.

[FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199373-9] Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.

[FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255-10] Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.

[FOOTNOTELadefoged2005141-11] Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.

[FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-12] Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.

[FOOTNOTEOkada1999117-13] Okada (1999), p. 117.

[14] Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.

[FOOTNOTEKara200311-15] Kara (2003), p. 11.

[FOOTNOTENau19986-16] Nau (1998), p. 6.

[FOOTNOTEJassem2003103-17] Jassem (2003), p. 103.

[FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-18] Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.

[FOOTNOTEJonesWard196999-19] Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99. Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Voiced_dental_plosive
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]